Txhua yam teeb meem yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis vim li cas txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig peb txawv li ntawd? Cov lus teb tau ua nrog cov khoom me me. Lawv hu ua protons. Tsis zoo li cov hluav taws xob, uas muaj qhov tsis zoo, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no muaj qhov zoo. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi thiab lawv ua haujlwm li cas?
Protons txhua qhov chaw
Lub ntsiab lus twg muaj qhov zoo? Txhua yam uas tuaj yeem kov, pom thiab hnov yog ua los ntawm cov atoms, lub tsev me me tshaj plaws uas ua rau cov khib nyiab, kua thiab roj. Lawv me me dhau los ua tib zoo saib, tab sis lawv tsim cov khoom xws li koj lub computer, dej koj haus, thiab txawm tias huab cua koj ua pa. Muaj ntau hom atoms, suav nrog oxygen, nitrogen, thiab hlau. Txhua yam no hu ua cov ntsiab lus.
Qee ntawm lawv yog cov pa roj (oxygen). Cov xim nickel yog xim nyiaj. Muaj lwm tusnta uas paub qhov txawv cov me me ntawm ib leeg. Dab tsi ua rau cov ntsiab lus sib txawv? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim: lawv cov atoms muaj ntau tus lej ntawm protons. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no muaj cov nqi zoo thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub atom.
Tag nrho cov atoms yog qhov tshwj xeeb
Atoms zoo sib xws, tab sis tus naj npawb sib txawv ntawm cov protons ua rau lawv ib hom khoom tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, oxygen atoms muaj 8 protons, hydrogen atoms tsuas muaj 1, thiab kub atoms muaj 79. Koj tuaj yeem qhia ntau txog ib lub atom los ntawm kev suav nws cov protons. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no nyob hauv lub nucleus nws tus kheej. Keeb kwm xav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov protons yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom xyaw me me hu ua quarks.
YYuav ua li cas yog proton?
Lub ntsiab lus twg muaj qhov zoo? Qhov no yog ib qho proton. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm subatomic particle uas yog nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm txhua lub atom. Qhov tseeb, tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv txhua lub atom yog tus lej atomic. Txog rau tam sim no, nws tau suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau ua rau pom tias cov proton yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me hu ua quarks. Lub quark yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem uas nyuam qhuav tau tshawb pom.
protons tuaj qhov twg?
Ib qho piv txwv nrog cov nqi zoo,hu ua proton. Cov ntsiab lus no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis ruaj khov neutrons. Tom qab li ntawm 900 vib nas this, lub neutron bouncing tawm ntawm lub nucleus yuav lwj mus rau lwm yam elementary hais ntawm lub atom: ib tug proton, ib tug electron thiab ib tug antineutrino.
Tsis zoo li cov neutron, cov dawb proton ruaj khov. Thaum cov dawb protons cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, lawv tsim hydrogen molecules. Peb lub hnub, zoo li feem ntau lwm cov hnub qub hauv ntiaj teb, feem ntau yog hydrogen. Ib qho proton yog qhov me me me me uas muaj tus nqi ntawm +1. Ib qho hluav taws xob muaj tus nqi ntawm -1, thaum lub neutron tsis muaj nqi txhua.
Subatomic particles: qhov chaw thiab nqi
Cov ntsiab lus yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lawv cov qauv atomic, suav nrog subatomic elementary hais: protons, neutrons thiab electrons. Thawj ob pawg yog nyob rau hauv lub nucleus (center) ntawm lub atom thiab muaj ib tug loj ntawm ib tug atomic mass. Cov electrons nyob sab nraum lub nucleus, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam hu ua "plhaub". Lawv hnyav yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi. Thaum xam atomic mass, kev saib xyuas tsuas yog them rau protons thiab neutrons. Qhov loj ntawm ib atom yog lawv cov sum.
Los ntawm kev suav cov atomic loj ntawm tag nrho cov atoms nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule, ib tug yuav kwv yees lub molecular loj, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv units ntawm atomic mass (hu ua d altons). Txhua qhov hnyav hnyav (neutron, proton) hnyav ib qho atomic loj, yog li lub helium atom (Nws), uasmuaj ob protons, ob neutrons thiab ob electrons, hnyav txog plaub atomic mass units (ob protons ntxiv rau ob neutrons). Ntxiv rau qhov chaw thiab huab hwm coj, txhua qhov subatomic particle muaj cov khoom hu ua "them". Nws tuaj yeem yog "zoo" lossis "tsis zoo".
Cov ntsiab lus nrog tib tus nqi zoo ib yam cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, thaum cov khoom nrog cov nqi sib txawv yuav nyiam ib leeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus twg muaj cov nqi zoo? Qhov no yog ib qho proton. Neutrons tsis muaj nqi dab tsi, uas muab lub nucleus tag nrho cov nqi zoo. Txhua tus electron muaj tus nqi tsis zoo, uas yog sib npaug ntawm lub zog rau qhov zoo ntawm cov proton. Cov electrons thiab protons ntawm lub nucleus yog attracted rau ib leeg, thiab qhov no yog lub zog uas tuav lub atom ua ke, zoo ib yam li lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus uas ua rau lub hli nyob rau hauv orbit ncig lub ntiaj teb no.
Stable subatomic particle
Lub ntsiab lus twg muaj qhov zoo? Cov lus teb yog paub: proton. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm chav tsev ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov hnyav ntawm so yog 1.67262 × 10 -27kg, uas yog 1836 npaug ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Protons, ua ke nrog cov hluav taws xob nruab nrab hu ua neutrons, tsim tag nrho cov atomic nuclei tshwj tsis yog hydrogen. Txhua lub nucleus ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj tib tus lej ntawm protons. Tus naj npawb atomic ntawm lub caij no txiav txim siab nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm teem sijhawm.
Discovery ntawm proton
Ib qho me me uas muaj cov nqi zoo yog cov proton, qhov kev tshawb pom uas rov qab mus rau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv atomic. Thaum kawm txog qhov ntws ntawm ionized gaseous atoms thiab molecules, los ntawm cov electrons raug tshem tawm, ib qho zoo tau txiav txim siab, sib npaug hauv huab hwm coj mus rau hydrogen atom. Ernest Rutherford (1919) tau qhia tias nitrogen, thaum foob pob nrog alpha hais, tawm qhov zoo li hydrogen. Los ntawm 1920, nws cais ib qho me me los ntawm hydrogen nuclei, hu ua proton.
High-zog particle physics tshawb fawb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov proton nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm subatomic hais. Nws tau raug pom tias cov protons thiab neutrons yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me thiab raug cais raws li baryons - cov khoom ua los ntawm peb theem pib ntawm cov teeb meem hu ua quarks.
Subatomic particle: mus rau qhov kev sib koom ua ke loj heev
Atom yog ib qho me me ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas yog lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Rau qee lub sijhawm nws tau ntseeg tias nws yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm qhov teeb meem uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob. Tab sis nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias atoms yog tsim los ntawm tej yam subatomic hais, thiab hais tias txawm lub caij twg los, tib subatomic hais ua ib tug atom. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov sib txawv subatomic hais yog tib yam uas hloov.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no lees paub tias muaj ntau yam subatomic hais. Tab sis txhawm rau ua tiav hauv chemistry, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau nrog peb lub ntsiab: protons, neutrons, thiab electrons. Cov teeb meem tuaj yeem raug them hluav taws xob hauv ib qho ntawm ob txoj kev: zoo lossis tsis zoo.
Dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nrog tus nqi zoo hu ua? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim: ib tug proton, nws yog nws uas nqa ib chav tsev ntawm zoo nqi. Thiab vim muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm electrons, lub atom nws tus kheej yog nruab nrab. Qee zaum qee cov atoms tuaj yeem nce lossis poob electrons thiab nce nqi. Hauv qhov no, lawv hu ua ions.
Ib feem me me ntawm atom: ib qho kev txiav txim
Lub atom muaj cov qauv tsim thiab txiav txim siab uas muab kev ruaj ntseg thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau txhua yam khoom ntawm cov teeb meem. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov subatomic hais tau pib tshaj li ib puas xyoo dhau los, thiab los ntawm tam sim no peb twb paub ntau txog lawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias feem ntau ntawm cov atom yog khoob thiab sparsely populated los ntawm "electrons". Lawv yog cov tsis zoo them lub teeb pom kev zoo uas tig mus ncig lub hauv paus hnyav, uas yog 99.99% ntawm tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm lub atom. Tshawb nrhiav qhov xwm txheej ntawm electrons tau yooj yim dua, tab sis tom qab ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ingenious, nws tau paub tias cov nucleus suav nrog cov protons zoo thiab nruab nrab neutrons.
Txhua chav nyob hauv lub qab ntuj khwb yog tsim los ntawm atoms
Tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab feem ntau ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem yog tias txhua chav nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb yog tsim los ntawm atoms. Muaj 92 yam tshwm sim ntawm cov atoms, thiab lawv tsim cov molecules, cov tebchaw, thiab lwm yam khoom los tsim lub ntiaj teb complex nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Txawm hais tias lub npe "atom" tau muab los ntawm Greek lo lus átomos, uas txhais tau tias "indivisible", niaj hnub physics tau qhia tias nws tsis yog lub tsev kawg ntawm cov teeb meem thiab qhov tseeb "faib" rau hauv subatomic hais. Lawv yog lub hauv paus tiag tiag uas ua rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no.
