Sodium fluoride yog ib qho inorganic compound, ntsev ntawm hydrofluoric acid thiab sodium. Nws yog ib qho dawb, tsw ntxhiab crystalline khoom. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm sodium fluoride yog NaF. Chemical bond - ionic.
Spread in nature
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov tshuaj no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av williomite. Cov ntxhia no sawv cev rau sodium fluoride hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Nws tuaj yeem muaj xim zoo nkauj heev los ntawm carmine liab, liab dawb mus rau xim tsis muaj xim. Nws yog nkig heev thiab kuj tsis ruaj khov. Lub ci ci ntawm cov pob zeb no zoo li lub ci ci ntawm iav. Nws cov deposits muaj nyob rau hauv North America, Africa thiab lub Kola Peninsula, tab sis feem ntau nws yog heev tsawg.
Tau txais los ntawm kev lag luam
Sodium fluoride yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib xyaw, yog li nws tau tsim los ntawm kev lag luam. Ntiaj teb kev tsim khoom yog tshaj 10,000 tons hauv ib xyoos. Feem ntau, cov khoom siv raw yog hexafluorosilicates, uas kuj tau txais cov khoom siv dag zog. Hauv kev tsim khoom, lawv raug rau alkaline hydrolysis, vim tias sodium fluoride raug tso tawm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov. Tab sis nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm impurities ntawm silicon oxide thiab sodium silicate. Uaqhov no feem ntau tsuas yog lim dej xwb.
Tab sis hexafluorosilicates, txawm tias thaum thermally decomposed los yog thaum cuam tshuam nrog sodium carbonate, tuaj yeem muab sodium fluoride. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv kev lag luam synthesis.
Tseem nyob hauv kev lag luam muaj ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais sodium fluoride los ntawm dej qab zib tshauv (sodium carbonate) thiab hydrofluoric acid. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam nrog kev pab ntawm kev lim dej, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov khoom lag luam ntshiab:
Na2CO3 + HF → 2NaF + CO2 + H 2O
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Hauv chav kuaj, muaj lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais qhov sib xyaw no. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm neutralization ntawm sodium hydroxide nrog hydrofluoric acid. Lwm qhov kev xaiv: kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sodium hydroxide nrog ammonium fluoride. Sodium hydroxide tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj fluoride thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov fluorine yooj yim.
Hauv kev xav, sodium fluoride kuj tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim: sodium thiab fluorine. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim hnyav heev, txawm hais tias hauv kev xyaum nws tsis tshua muaj.
F2 + 2Na → 2NaF
Lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais yog thermal decomposition ntawm difluorohydrate thiab qee cov ntsev nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, ib yam khoom ntawm purity siab heev yog tau.
Na(HF2) → NaF + HF
Thaum oxidizing yooj yim fluorine nrog sodium bromate los yog lwm yam oxidizers uas muaj sodium ua khoomTej zaum yuav tsim sodium fluoride.
F2 + NaBrO3+ 2NaOH → NaBrO4 + 2NaF + H 2O
Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm boron trifluoride nrog sodium hydride, cov ntsev no tuaj yeem tau.
BF3 + NaOH → Na3BO3 + NaF + H 2O
Lub cev muaj zog
Sodium fluoride yog cov dawb crystalline khoom. Melting point - 992 ° C, boiling point - 1700 ° C. Tsis kub. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj sib tov ntawm sodium fluoride yog ionic, nws yog soluble hauv dej, thiab zoo dua - hauv hydrogen fluoride. Yuav luag insoluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Tsis-hygroscopic thiab tsis tsim crystalline hydrates.
tshuaj muaj zog
Hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, sodium fluoride dissociates thiab tsim cov complex compound.
NaF + 4H2O → [Na(H2O)4] + + F-
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog hydrofluoric acid, difluorohydrate yog tsim. Tab sis nrog ntau dhau ntawm hydrogen fluoride, lwm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem tsim tau, uas yog hu ua sodium hydrofluorides. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm cov reagents.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov tshuaj formula, sodium fluoride yog cov ntsev ib txwm, yog li nws nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv nrog lwm cov ntsev yog tias muaj nag lossis daus los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, gaseous hydrogen fluoride raug tso tawm. Thiab nrog lithium hydroxide, ib qho precipitate ntawm lithium fluoride yog tsim.
Sodium fluorideTej zaum yuav tsim lwm cov ntsev nyuaj, nyob ntawm cov tshuaj reagents thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Txoj kev phem
Sodium fluoride yog ib yam khoom txaus ntshai. Nws muaj qib thib peb ntawm kev phom sij ntawm plaub raws li NFPA 704 tus qauv. Cov koob tshuaj tuag rau tib neeg yog 5-10 grams. Qhov no yog ntau heev, tab sis txawm tias me me ntawm sodium fluoride ua mob rau cov hlab plawv. Cov tshuaj lom tuaj yeem tshwm sim ob qho tib si los ntawm kev nqus pa ntawm cov pa lom, thiab los ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj inorganic hauv cov zaub mov. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub plab voos tuaj yeem tshwm sim, mus txog rau qhov txhab.
Daim ntawv thov
Sodium fluoride muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo, yog li nws qee zaum ntxiv rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Rau tib lub laj thawj, nws yog siv rau kev ua ntoo. Kev daws ntawm cov ntsev no pab tua cov pwm, fungus thiab kab. Feem ntau, siv peb feem pua kev daws teeb meem. Nws nkag mus zoo rau hauv ntoo thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev lwj. Tab sis qhov kev kho no muaj qhov tsis zoo, vim tias cov tshuaj sodium fluoride tsis tshua siv - nws tau yooj yim ntxuav tawm ntawm ntoo thaum los nag, vim tias cov ntsev no soluble hauv dej heev.
Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm qee cov tshuaj lom neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog freon thiab tshuaj tua kab. Fluorine ions nres glycolysis (glucose oxidation), yog li sodium fluoride yog siv rau kev tshawb fawb biochemical.
Nws kuj yog feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam metallurgical los ntxuav cov hlau, nrog rau thaum lawv melting thiab soldering. Cov khoom siv qee zaum ntxiv rau cov cement, ua pob zeb tiv tausrau acids, thiab nyob rau hauv lubricants los txhim kho cov cua sov-resistant zoo.
Nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb feem ntau yog siv tshuaj txhuam hniav. Rau cov hniav, sodium fluoride yog ib qhov chaw ntawm fluoride, uas yog tsim nyog los muab cov pob txha thiab cov hniav muaj zog, thiab kuj pab tiv thaiv caries. Tab sis nrog kev noj ntau ntawm cov khoom no, cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, tseem muaj kev sib cav txog kev siv cov tshuaj fluoride ua ib qho ntxiv hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav.
Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm fluoride rau lub cev
Fluorine yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob hauv tib neeg lub cev, yam tsis muaj nws lub neej ib txwm ua tsis tau. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau noj 0.03 mg ntawm fluoride ib kilogram ntawm lub cev hnyav ib hnub rau ib tug neeg laus. Tus menyuam xav tau 5 npaug ntxiv.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm fluorine hauv lub cev muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nws pab txhawb kev loj hlob thiab tsim cov pob txha, plaub hau thiab rau tes, vim nws stabilizes calcium nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm mineralization. Qhov no tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam, nrog rau cov pob txha. Cov khoom no yog tsim nyog los tswj kev tiv thaiv. Hlau yog absorbed los ntawm lub cev zoo dua yog tias fluoride koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no.
Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj cov khoom no, cov hniav enamel tsis muaj zog, kev pheej hmoo ntawm caries nce. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov teeb meem yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub pob txha. Cov neeg laus muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim osteoporosis. Tus kab mob no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov pob txha tsawg, uas ua rau cov pob txha fragility.
Teeb meem nrog cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dhau hauv lub cev
Nrog cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm fluorine hauvlub cev tuaj yeem tsim fluorosis. Tus kab mob no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm irreversible txim. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, cov hniav enamel raug kev txom nyem. Nyob rau ntawm nws muaj qhov chaw ntawm cov duab sib txawv thiab xim. Spots tau yooj yim kuaj los ntawm kws kho hniav, thiab nrog kev kho raws sij hawm, lawv tuaj yeem tshem tau yooj yim. Rau kev ua kom dawb huv, kev daws teeb meem ntawm inorganic acids, kev daws ntawm hydrogen peroxide, lossis kev daws ntawm lwm cov peroxides feem ntau yog siv. Tom qab whitening lub enamel, remineralization yog nqa tawm nrog ib tug daws ntawm calcium gluconate. Hauv kev kho mob ntawm ntau hom fluorosis, nws raug nquahu kom noj calcium gluconate hauv qhov ncauj kom txog thaum kawg ntawm kev kho mob. Yog hais tias kev yaig ntawm cov hniav enamel tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm fluorosis, ces cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yog siv thiab cov duab ntawm cov hniav rov qab, kwv yees li ib yam li kev sau.
Raws li kev tiv thaiv tus kab mob no, koj tuaj yeem txo qhov kev noj tshuaj fluoride hauv lub cev yog tias nws cov dej haus ntau heev. Ua li no, lawv feem ntau hloov cov dej los yog lim nws yooj yim. Koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov khoom noj uas muaj ntau cov tshuaj fluoride los ntawm kev noj zaub mov: ntses hiav txwv, tsiaj roj, spinach. Noj cov vitamins C thiab D thiab calcium gluconate yuav pab tau.
Yog tias pom cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dhau mus ntev (10-20 xyoo), cov pob txha pib raug kev txom nyem. Osteosclerosis tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas, tsis zoo li osteoporosis, pob txha ceev yuav siab tshaj li ib txwm, uas ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lawv elasticity. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua rau pob txha tsis tu ncua. Tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj. Xws li muaj zog tshaj ntawm fluorine hauv lub cev tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv cov neeg ua haujlwmKev tsim cov tshuaj fluoride yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb.
dej fluoridation
Raws li tau hais los saum no, fluoride tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv kab mob. Vim li no, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, fluoridation ntawm kais dej tau pib siv nyob rau hauv qee lub teb chaws. Nws essence zoo li chlorination. Ib qho me me ntawm sodium fluoride lossis lwm yam khoom muaj fluorine ntxiv rau hauv dej kom muab qee yam khoom. Niaj hnub no, 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov dej hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog fluoridated.
Txhawm rau kom tus neeg tau txais cov tshuaj fluorine xav tau, raws li Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb, cov dej haus yuav tsum muaj 0.5-1.0 mg ntawm fluoride ib liter. Tab sis cov dej zoo tib yam tsis tas yuav muaj cov nyiaj no, yog li koj yuav tsum nce nws cov khoom tsim tawm.
Dej fluoridation tsis cuam tshuam rau nws saj lossis tsis hnov tsw. Ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem no, kev pheej hmoo ntawm caries txo qis heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov menyuam yaus. Qhov no yog vim cov tshuaj fluoride rhuav tshem cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem yaj cov hniav enamel thiab ua rau kab noj hniav.
Tau kawg, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm fluorine tuaj yeem ua rau fluorosis, tab sis, raws li kev tshawb fawb pom zoo, dej fluoridation tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov ua rau cov kab mob no. Lwm yam kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov dej zoo li no kuj tsis pom. Txawm hais tias tsis ntev los no qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis zoo tau pib tshwm sim uas qhia lwm yam. Tau txais kev muaj koob meej thiab cov lus dab neeg hais tias dej fluoridation yog ib txoj hauv kev pov tseg cov fluorides, uas yog cov khoom pov tseg ntawm txhuas cov lag luam. Tab sis qhov version no tsis tau lees paub.
Sivfluoridated dej tsis pom zoo tsuas yog rau qee yam kab mob: ntshav qab zib, hormonal ntshawv siab, mob caj dab, thyroid, raum thiab kab mob plawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, dej yog ib qho yooj yim kom tshem tau cov tshuaj fluorine. Cov lim dej ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm thim rov qab osmosis tshem tawm yuav luag tag nrho cov fluorine, thiab distillation lim dej los ntawm nws tag nrho. Cov lim hauv tsev kuj tuaj yeem khaws cov fluorine hauv lawv tus kheej ib nrab lossis tag nrho. Kev hla dej los ntawm alumina, pob txha noj mov, lossis pob txha pob txha tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm cov dej. Qee cov fluorides (xws li calcium fluoride) yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, yog li ib txoj kev los nag tuaj yeem siv los ua kom tag nrho cov fluorine. Txiv qaub feem ntau siv rau qhov no.
siv tshuaj kho mob
Sodium fluoride yog cov khoom muaj nyob hauv qee yam tshuaj. Raws li txoj cai, cov ntsiav tshuaj no tau noj raws li kws kho mob tau sau tseg, qee zaum kev kho mob yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb thiab nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua ntawm cov dej ntws tawm. Cov npe lag luam ntawm cov tshuaj fluorine: "Sodium fluoride", "Natrium fluoratum" thiab "Ossin". Lawv raug muab tshuaj rau qhov tsis muaj fluoride hauv lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau pob txha.
Cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dragees thiab ntsiav tshuaj yog noj ntawm qhov ncauj. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj fluoride yog nqus los ntawm lub cev, tsis hais txog kev noj zaub mov. Feem ntau, xws li kev kho mob yog ua ke nrog kev noj cov calcium thiab magnesium, 1-1.5 g ib hnub twg. Qhov no yuav pab cov pob txha kom mineralize ntau tas li.
Tab sis cov tshuaj yog qhov txaus ntshai rau kev tswj hwm tus qauv. Hauv qhov no, ntau dhau ntawm fluorine tuaj yeem tshwm sim, ua rau fluorosis. Ntawmnoj cov tshuaj uas muaj sodium fluoride, yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho hniav kom tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm fluorosis.
