Muaj ntau qhov chaw dawb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Slavs, uas tso cai rau ntau "cov kws tshawb fawb" niaj hnub no los tso tawm cov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws txog keeb kwm thiab kev tsim ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov neeg Slavic nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm speculation thiab unproven. qhov tseeb. Feem ntau txawm lub tswvyim ntawm "Slav" yog to taub yuam kev thiab yog suav hais tias yog ib tug synonym rau lub tswvyim ntawm "Lavxias teb sab". Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev xav tias Slav yog haiv neeg. Cov no yog txhua yam kev dag ntxias.
Leej twg yog cov Slavs?
Slavs tsim cov haiv neeg loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Nyob rau hauv nws, muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb: Eastern Slavs (xws li Russians, Belarusians thiab Ukrainians), Western (Poles, Czechs, Lusatians thiab Slovaks) thiab Southern Slavs (ntawm lawv peb yuav npe Bosnians, Serbs, Macedonians, Croats, Bulgarians, Montenegrins., Slovenes). Ib tug Slav tsis yog haiv neeg, vim hais tias ib lub teb chaws yog lub tswv yim nqaim. Sib cais Slavic haiv neeg tsim kuj lig, thaum lub Slavs (los yog theej, Proto-Slavs) sawv tawm ntawm Indo-European zej zog ib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo BC. e. Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, thiab cov neeg taug kev thaum ub tau kawm txog lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub era, cov Slavs tau hais los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Cov kws sau keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm "Venedi": los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau tau paub tias Slavic pawg neeg ua rog nrog cov neeg German.
Nws ntseeg hais tias lub teb chaws ntawm cov Slavs (ntau qhov tseeb, qhov chaw uas lawv tsim los ua ib lub zej zog) yog thaj chaw ntawm Oder thiab Vistula (qee tus sau ntawv thov tias nruab nrab ntawm Oder thiab nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tw. Dnieper).
Ethnonym
Ntawm no nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "Slav". Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, haiv neeg feem ntau hu ua los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus dej nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lawv nyob. Lub Dnieper nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tsuas yog hu ua "Slavutich". Lub hauv paus "lub yeeb koob" nws tus kheej, tej zaum, rov qab mus rau lo lus zoo rau txhua tus Indo-Europeans kleu, lub ntsiab lus xaiv los yog koob meej. Muaj lwm yam version: "Slovak", "Tslovak" thiab, thaum kawg, "Slav" tsuas yog "ib tug neeg" lossis "tus neeg uas hais peb hom lus." Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg thaum ub ntawm txhua tus neeg txawv tebchaws uas hais lus tsis nkag siab tsis tau suav tias yog tib neeg. Lub npe tus kheej ntawm txhua tus neeg - piv txwv li, "Mansi" lossis "Nenets" - feem ntau txhais tau tias "txiv neej" lossis "tus txiv neej".
Kev lag luam. Social Order
Slav yog neeg ua teb. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov Slavs tau kawm los cog cov av rov qab rau lub sijhawm ntawd thaum txhua tus Indo-Europeans muaj hom lus. Hauv thaj chaw qaum teb, kev ua liaj ua teb hlais thiab hlawv tau xyaum, nyob rau sab qab teb - poob. Millet, nplej, barley, rye, flax thiab hemp tau zus. Lawv paub cov qoob loo vaj: zaub qhwv, beets, turnips. Cov Slavs nyob hauv hav zoov thiab hav zoov-steppe cheeb tsam, yog li lawv tau koom nrog kev yos hav zoov, beekeeping, thiab nuv ntses. Lawv kuj tsa nyuj thiab. Cov Slavs tau tsim riam phom zoo, ceramics, thiab cov cuab yeej ua liaj ua teb rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nyob rau theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, cov Slavs muaj ib pab pawg neeg zej zog, uas maj mam hloov mus rau ib tug nyob sib ze. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tub rog, kev nom kev tswv tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog; cov nom tswv tau txais thaj av, thiab kev sib koom ua ke tau hloov los ntawm ib qho feudal.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm
Nyob rau sab qaum teb, cov Slavs koom nrog cov B altic thiab Germanic pab pawg, sab hnub poob - nrog Celts, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - nrog cov Scythians thiab Sarmatians, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb - nrog cov ancient Macedonians, Thracians, Illyrians. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 A. D. e. Lawv mus txog lub B altic thiab Black Seas, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th lawv mus txog Lake Ladoga thiab mastered lub Balkans. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, cov Slavs nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Volga mus rau Elbe, los ntawm Mediterranean mus rau B altic. Qhov kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw no yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm nomads los ntawm Central Asia, tawm tsam los ntawm German cov neeg nyob ze, nrog rau kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv Tebchaws Europe: ib pab pawg neeg raug yuam mus nrhiav thaj av tshiab.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Slavs ntawm East European Plain
Eastern Slavs (cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Ukrainians niaj hnub, Belarusians thiab Russians) los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th AD e. Cov av nyob ntawm Carpathians mus rau nruab nrab ntawm Oka thiab Upper Don, los ntawm Ladoga mus rau Middle Dnieper. Lawv koom tes nrog cov neeg hauv zos Finno-Ugric thiab B alts. Twb tau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th, cov pab pawg me tau pib nkag mus rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke nrog ib leeg, uas yog lub cim yug ntawm lub xeev. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm txhua qhov kev sib koom ua ke yog tus thawj coj tub rog.
Cov npe ntawm pawg neeg koom siab tau paub rau txhua tus los ntawm lub tsev kawm keeb kwm kev kawm: cov no yog Drevlyans, thiab Vyatichi, thiab sab qaum teb, thiab Krivichi. Tab sis cov Polans thiab Ilmen Slovenes tej zaum nto moo tshaj plaws. Tus qub nyob raws nruab nrab ntawm lub Dnieper thiab nrhiav tau Kyiv, tom kawg nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Ilmen thiab tsim Novgorod. Txoj kev "txoj kev los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th tau pab txhawb kev nce thiab, tom qab, rau kev sib sau ntawm cov nroog no. Yog li, hauv 882, lub xeev ntawm Slavs ntawm East European Plain - Rus.
High Mythology
Slavs tsis tuaj yeem hu ua cov neeg qub. Tsis zoo li cov neeg Iyiv lossis Isdias Asmesliskas, lawv tsis muaj sijhawm los tsim cov txheej txheem mythological. Nws paub tias cov lus dab neeg ntawm cosmogonic ntawm Slavs (uas yog, cov dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb) muaj ntau yam nrog cov Finno-Ugric sawv daws yuav. Lawv kuj muaj ib lub qe, los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no "yug", thiab ob tug ducks, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus vajtswv zoo tshaj, nqa cov av hauv qab dej hiav txwv los tsim lub ntiaj teb firmament. Thaum xub thawj, cov Slavs pe hawm Rod thiab Rozhanitsy, tom qab ntawd - lub personified rog ntawm xwm (Perun, Svarog, Mokosh, Dazhdbog).
Muaj tswv yim txog lub vaj kaj siab - Iria (Vyria), Ntiaj Teb Ntoo (Oak). Cov tswv yim kev cai dab qhuas ntawm cov Slavs tau tsim raws li cov kab tib yam li cov neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe (tom qab tag nrho, lub ancient Slav yog ib tug European!): los ntawm deification ntawm tej yam ntuj tso phenomena mus rau lub paub txog ntawm ib tug Vajtswv. Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th AD. e. Tub fuabtais Vladimir sim "ua ke" lub pantheon, ua Perun, patron neeg dawb huv ntawm warriors, lub siab tshaj deity. Tab sis qhov kev hloov pauv ua tsis tiav, thiab tus tub huabtais yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Kev quab yuam Christianization, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tag nrho cov tswv yim tsis ntseeg: lawv tau pib txheeb xyuas Eliyas tus Yaj Saub nrog Perun, thiab Tswv Yexus thiab Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau pib hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv ntawm tej yam yees siv conspiracies.
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg
Alas, cov dab neeg ntawm Slavs hais txog vajtswv thiab tus phab ej tsis tau sau tseg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg no tau tsim ib qho kev txhim kho qis dua, cov cim ntawm uas - goblin, mermaids, ghouls, mortgages, banniki, barns thiab noonmen - paub rau peb los ntawm cov nkauj, epics, proverbs. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau hais rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm tus hma thiab sib tham nrog tus txiv neej dej. Qee qhov seem ntawm paganism tseem muaj sia nyob hauv lub siab nyiam.
