Cov ntsev ntawm hydrazoic acid yog Pb(N3)2, tshuaj lom neeg hu ua lead azide. Cov khoom siv crystalline no tuaj yeem muaj tsawg kawg yog ob daim ntawv crystalline: thawj daim ntawv α nrog qhov ntom ntawm 4.71 grams ib cubic centimeter, daim ntawv thib ob β - 4.93. Nws dissolves tsis zoo hauv dej, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo hauv monoethanolamine. Thov tsis txhob ua raws li cov lus pom zoo hauv tsab xov xwm no hauv tsev! Lead azide tsis yog lus tso dag, tab sis yog qhov tawg heev (explosive).
Properties
Lead azide pib tawg, vim tias nws qhov rhiab heev, thiab txoj kab uas hla tseem ceeb heev. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv blasting kaus mom. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Txwv tsis pub, qhov tawg tshwm sim, qhov kub ntawm qhov nce mus txog 1.536 megajoules ib kilogram, lossis 7.572 megajoules ib cubic decimeter.
Lead azide muaj roj ntim ntawm 308 litres ib kilogram lossis 1518 litres ib squaredecimeter. Nws qhov ceev detonation yog kwv yees li 4800 meters ib ob. Azides, uas nws cov khoom zoo li ntshai heev, yog synthesized thaum sib pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm soluble alkali hlau azides thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov ntsev ntsev. Qhov tshwm sim yog dawb crystalline precipitate. Qhov no yog lead azide.
Tau txais
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog ua nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm glycerin, dextrin, gelatin, lossis lwm yam, uas tiv thaiv kev tsim cov muaju loj heev thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg. Nws tsis pom zoo kom ua cov hmoov lead azide hauv tsev, txawm tias yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua cov foob pob hluav taws. Yuav kom tau txais nws, yuav tsum muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, kev paub thiab kev nkag siab txog kev phom sij, nrog rau kev paub txaus raws li kws tshuaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv net hais txog kev tsim cov khoom tawg no txaus ntshai. Ntau tus neeg siv Is Taws Nem qhia lawv cov kev paub txog yuav ua li cas kom tau cov hmoov lead azide hauv tsev, suav nrog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov txheej txheem thiab nws cov duab kos ib ntus. Qee lub sij hawm cov ntawv muaj lus ceeb toom txog kev phom sij ntawm kev ua cov pob zeb tsis muaj xim lossis cov hmoov dawb, tab sis lawv tsis zoo li yuav txwv txhua tus. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lead azide yog dab tsi. Mercury fulminate tsis txaus ntshai tshaj qhov nws siv.
Kev hloov kho
Crystalline hloov kho ntawm cov hmoov lead azide tau piav nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub, tab sis hauv kev xyaum ib qho ntawm ob feem ntau tau txais. Txawm hais tias nws yog cov hmoov dawb-grey hmoov, los yog cov xim tsis muaj xim uas tau los ntawm kev sib koom ua kekev daws teeb meem ntawm sodium azide thiab lead acetate los yog nitrate. Hauv kev xyaum, nag lossis daus yuav tsum tau ua nrog dej-soluble polymers thiaj li yuav tau txais cov khoom lag luam uas muaj kev nyab xeeb. Yog tias cov kuab tshuaj organic, xws li ether, ntxiv, thiab yog tias muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev daws teeb meem tshwm sim, ib daim ntawv tshiab yog tsim, uas crystallizes acicularly thiab coarsely.
Acidic nruab nrab muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj zog. Thaum lub sij hawm ntev cia, raug rau lub teeb thiab cua sov, cov muaju raug puas tsuaj. Nws yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, me ntsis soluble nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov ntawm ammonium acetate, sodium thiab lead. Tab sis 146 grams ntawm azide yog zoo meej yaj nyob rau hauv ib puas grams ntawm ethanolamine. Nyob rau hauv boiling dej, nws decomposes, maj mam tso nitric acid. Nrog noo noo thiab carbon dioxide, nws kuj decomposes, kis saum npoo. Qhov no yog thaum cov carbonate thiab cov hlau lead azide tsim.
Kev sib cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam
Lub teeb decomposes nws mus rau hauv nitrogen thiab txhuas - kuj nyob rau saum npoo, thiab yog tias koj siv cov irradiation khaus, koj tuaj yeem tau txais qhov tawg ntawm minted tshiab thiab tam sim ntawd decomposing azide. Cov hmoov lead azide qhuav tsis hnov mob rau cov hlau thiab yog tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov txaus ntshai ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov chaw ntub dej, tom qab ntawd yuav luag tag nrho cov hlau azides ua txaus ntshai hauv lawv cov kev cuam tshuam. Khaws cov khoom tsim tawm kom deb ntawm tooj liab thiab nws cov alloys, txij li kev sib xyaw ntawm azides thiab tooj liab muaj ntau yam khoom tawg uas tsis tuaj yeem pom. Tag nrho cov tshuaj azide yog tshuaj lom thiab cov tshuaj nws tus kheej yog tshuaj lom.
xov xwm
Azides zoo nkaujThaum tshav kub kub-resistant, decompose tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm kub siab tshaj 245 degrees Celsius, thiab lub flash tshwm sim ntawm txog 330 degrees. Kev cuam tshuam rhiab heev, thiab txhua qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm azides yog fraught nrog qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo, txawm hais tias azide qhuav los yog ntub dej, nws tsis poob nws cov khoom tawg, txawm tias ya raws ntau txog peb caug feem pua hauv nws.
Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib txhuam, txawm tias ntau tshaj li cov mercury fulminate. Yog hais tias koj zom azide nyob rau hauv ib lub mortar, nws detonates yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Kev hloov pauv sib txawv ntawm cov hlau lead azides hnov mob txawv rau qhov cuam tshuam (tab sis txhua tus neeg hnov qab!). Txij li cov muaju yog npog nrog zaj duab xis ntawm cov ntsev ntsev, nws yuav tsis hnov mob rau lub teeb hluav taws thiab lub txim. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog siv rau cov qauv uas tau khaws cia rau qee lub sijhawm thiab raug rau cov pa carbon dioxide moist. Freshly tsim thiab tshuaj dawb huv azide yog heev raug rau nplaim taws.
Explosion
Lead azide yog qhov txaus ntshai heev vim nws qhov kev nkag siab zoo rau kev sib txhuam thiab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov muaju thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm crystallization. Crystal loj dua ib nrab millimeter yog tawg kiag li. Kev tawg tuaj yeem ua raws txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem synthesis: tawg decomposition kuj tuaj yeem xav tau nyob rau theem ntawm saturation ntawm cov tshuaj, ob qho tib si thaum crystallization thiab thaum ziab. Ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawg tshwm sim tau piav qhia txawm tias yooj yim nchuav ntawm cov khoom.
Cov kws tshaj lij kws tshuaj xyuas tau paub tseeb tias azide tau los ntawm cov hlau lead acetate yog qhov txaus ntshai ntau dua li cov khoom tsim los ntawm nitrate. Nws muaj peev xwm detonateCov khoom tawg yooj yim yog qhov zoo dua li cov mercury fulminate vim tias thaj tsam pre-detonation ntawm azide yog nqaim. Piv txwv li, tus nqi pib hauv lub hau detonator ua los ntawm cov hlau lead azide yog 0.025 grams, hexogen xav tau 0.02, thiab TNT yog 0.09 grams.
Kev siv azides
Kev siv qhov pib ntawm kev tawg tau raug coj los ntawm tib neeg tsis ntev los no. Lead azide yog thawj zaug tau txais nyob rau hauv 1891 los ntawm kws tshuaj Curtius, thaum nws ntxiv ib qho kev daws ntawm txhuas acetate rau ib qho kev daws ntawm ammonium azide (los yog sodium - tam sim no nws tsis meej). Txij thaum ntawd los, txhuas azide tau raug nias rau hauv lub kaus mom detonator (txog xya puas kilograms ib square centimeter yog thov). Ntxiv mus, lub sij hawm me me dhau los ntawm kev tshawb pom kom tau txais patents - twb tau txais thawj patent hauv 1907. Ua ntej xyoo 1920, txawm li cas los xij, txhuas azide ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau dhau rau cov neeg tsim khoom siv me me.
Qhov rhiab ntawm cov khoom no siab dhau lawm, thiab cov khoom siv dawb crystalline tiav yog qhov txaus ntshai dua. Tab sis kaum xyoo tom qab, txoj hauv kev los tuav azides tau tsim, nag lossis daus nrog cov organic colloids pib siv, thiab tom qab ntawd kev lag luam loj ntawm cov hlau lead azide pib, uas ua rau tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij thiab txawm li cas los xij haum rau equipping detonators. Dextrin lead azide tau tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas txij li xyoo 1931. Nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nias lub mercury tawg nyob rau hauv detonators thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Mercury fulminate poob rau hauv kev siv tsis raug thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Txoj Kevapps
Lead azide yog siv rau hauv kev poob siab, hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws kub blasting kaus mom. Nws feem ntau tuaj nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm THRS - lead trinitroresorcinate, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nplaim taws, nrog rau tetrazene, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau prick thiab cuam tshuam. Rau cov hmoov txhuas azide, cov rooj plaub hlau yog nyiam, tab sis cov rooj plaub txhuas kuj tseem siv, feem ntau tsawg dua tinned thiab tooj liab.
Lub nrawm nrawm nrawm uas siv dextrin lead azide yog lav los ntawm tus nqi ntawm 2.5 millimeters lossis ntau dua ntawm qhov ntev, nrog rau kev them nqi ntev ntawm moistened lead azide. Tias yog vim li cas dextrin lead azide tsis ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom me me. Muaj, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Askiv lub npe hu ua lus Askiv pab azide, qhov twg cov muaju nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm txhuas carbonate, cov tshuaj no muaj 98% Pb (N 3) 2 thiab tsis zoo li dextrin, kub-resistant thiab proactively tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv ntau txoj haujlwm nws yog qhov txaus ntshai ntau dua.
Industrial production
Lead azide ntawm kev lag luam nplai yog tau txais tib yam li hauv tsev: dilute cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm sodium azide thiab lead acetate (tab sis ntau zaus txhuas nitrate) yog merged, ces tov (nrog rau cov dej-soluble polymers. Piv txwv li, dextrin). Txoj kev no muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Dextrin pab kom tau txais cov khoom ntawm qhov loj me (tsawg dua 0.1 millimeters) uas muaj cov dej ntws zoo thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev sib txhuam. Cov no yog tag nrho cov pluses. Qhov tsis zoo muaj xws li qhov tseeb tias cov khoom tau txais hauv txoj kev no tau nce hygroscopicity, thiabkev pib txo qis. Muaj cov txheej txheem uas, tom qab tsim cov dextrin azide crystals, calcium stearate nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 0.25% yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj kom txo hygroscopicity thiab rhiab heev.
Kev saib xyuas ntxiv yog coj los ntawm no thiab siv cov koob tshuaj tseeb. Yog hais tias cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm txhuas nitrate (acetate) nrog sodium azide muaj ib tug concentration ntawm ntau tshaj kaum feem pua, ib tug spontaneous tawg yog heev ua tau thaum lub sij hawm crystallization. Thiab yog tias qhov sib tov nres, qhov tawg tshwm sim ib txwm muaj. Yav dhau los, chemists xav tias cov pob zeb tsim ntawm β daim ntawv tawg, detonating los ntawm kev ntxhov siab sab hauv. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, tom qab ntau thiab ua tib zoo kawm, nws tau pom tseeb tias daim ntawv β kuj tuaj yeem tau txais hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, thiab nws qhov kev nkag siab zoo ib yam li daim ntawv α.
Dab tsi ua rau tawg
Nyob rau hauv lub yim caum ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nws tau raug lees paub tias qhov ua rau tawg yog hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej: tus nqi hluav taws xob tau muab faib rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj thiab provokes xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tias yog vim li cas dej-soluble polymers tau ntxiv thiab kev sib xyaw tas li yog ua tiav. Qhov no tiv thaiv cov nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm thaj chaw, thiab yog li tiv thaiv kev tawg tshwm sim.
Txhawm rau kom cov hmoov lead azide rau precipitate, es tsis txhob dextrin, gelatin feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev daws ntawm 0.4-0.5%, ntxiv me ntsis Rochel ntsev rau nws. Tom qab sib npaug agglomerates raug tsim, ib feem pua raug tshem tawm ntawm zinc stearate, lossis txhuas, lossis (ntau zaus) molybdenum sulfide, yuav tsum tau nkag rau hauv cov tshuaj no. Adsorption tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov muaju, uas ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug zoo lubricant. Txoj kev no ua rau txhuas azide tsis tshua muaj kev sib txhuam.
Military aim
Yuav kom cov hmoov txhuas azide txhim kho nws qhov tsis zoo rau cov nplaim taws, kev kho cov pob zeb saum npoo nrog cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov hlau lead nitrate thiab magnesium styphnate yog siv los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab. Lub kaus mom rau kev ua tub rog yog tsim txawv. Dextrin thiab gelatin raug tso tseg, thiab ntxiv sodium carboxymethyl cellulose los yog polyvinyl cawv yog siv los hloov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov khoom kawg tau txais nrog ntau dua ntawm cov hlau lead azide dua li dextrin los nag txoj kev, 96-98% piv rau 92%. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom lag luam muaj tsawg dua hygroscopicity, thiab kev pib muaj peev xwm nce ntxiv.
Yog tias cov kev daws teeb meem tau ntws tawm sai sai thiab cov dej-soluble polymers tsis tau ntxiv, lub npe hu ua colloidal lead azide yog tsim, uas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tawg-pib peev xwm, tab sis tsis yog thev naus laus zis txaus txaus - qhov ntws tsis zoo.. Nws yog qee zaum siv hauv hluav taws xob detonators raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm ethyl acetate tov ntawm nitrocellulose nrog colloidal lead azide.
