Sulfur yog ib yam tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv pawg thib rau thiab thib peb lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav ua tib zoo saib nws cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev, ntau lawm, siv, thiab lwm yam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv xws li xim, qib hluav taws xob conductivity, sulfur boiling point, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj piav qhia nws cov kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj.
Sulfur hais txog physics
Ntawm no yog yam khoom tawg yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Sulfur muaj xim daj daj.
Thiab rau feem ntau, tag nrho nws cov tebchaw muaj xim daj. Tsis yaj hauv dej. Nws muaj tsawg thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Cov nta no characterize nws raws li ib tug raug tsis-hlau. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm leej faj tsis yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov complex, cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm muaj ntau yam variations. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice, nrog kev pab ntawm cov atoms txuas nrog, tab sis lawv tsis tsim cov molecules.
Yog li, thawj qhov kev xaiv yog rhombic sulfur. Nws tshwm simruaj khov tshaj plaws. Lub boiling point ntawm no hom sulfur yog plaub puas thiab plaub caug tsib degrees Celsius. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ib tug muab tshuaj kom dhau mus rau hauv ib tug gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation, nws yuav tsum xub dhau los ntawm lub xeev ua kua. Yog li, qhov melting ntawm sulfur tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas yog ib puas thiab kaum peb degrees Celsius.
Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog monoclinic sulfur. Nws yog ib rab koob-zoo li tus muaju nrog cov xim daj tsaus. Lub melting ntawm leej faj ntawm thawj hom, thiab tom qab ntawd nws qeeb txias ua rau tsim ntawm hom no. Qhov no ntau yam muaj yuav luag tib lub cev yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lub boiling point ntawm leej faj ntawm hom no tseem yog tib yam plaub puas thiab plaub caug-tsib degrees. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom no xws li yas. Nws yog tau los ntawm pouring rau hauv dej txias rhuab yuav luag mus rau ib tug boil rhombic. Lub boiling point ntawm sulfur ntawm hom no yog tib yam. Tab sis cov khoom muaj peev xwm ncab zoo li roj hmab.
Lwm yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev uas kuv xav tham txog yog qhov kub thiab txias ntawm leej faj.
Daim duab no yuav txawv nyob ntawm hom khoom thiab nws keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, qhov kub ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob yog ib puas thiab cuaj caum degrees. Qhov no yog ib daim duab qis heev. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, lub teeb nyem ntawm leej faj tuaj yeem yog ob puas thiab plaub caug yim degrees thiab txawm tias ob puas thiab tsib caug rau. Nws tag nrho nyob ntawm seb cov khoom nws tau mined los ntawm, qhov ceev nws muaj. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem xaus lushais tias qhov kub ntawm combustion ntawm sulfur yog heev tsawg, piv nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj, nws yog ib tug flammable tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum sulfur tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv cov molecules uas muaj yim, rau, plaub lossis ob lub atoms. Tam sim no, tau txiav txim siab leej faj los ntawm qhov pom ntawm physics, cia peb mus rau ntu tom ntej.
Tshuaj tus yam ntxwv ntawm sulfur
Lub caij no muaj qhov qis atomic loj, nws yog peb caug-ob grams ib mole. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau sulfur muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no raws li lub peev xwm kom muaj qib sib txawv ntawm oxidation. Hauv qhov no nws txawv ntawm, hais, hydrogen lossis oxygen. Xav txog cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj sulfur, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias, nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej, nws nthuav tawm ob qho tib si txo thiab oxidizing zog. Yog li, txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg.
Sulfur thiab cov khoom yooj yim
Yooj yim yog cov tshuaj uas tsuas muaj ib qho tshuaj hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws cov atoms tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv cov molecules, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv cov pa oxygen, lossis lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua ke, xws li cov hlau. Yog li, leej faj tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau, lwm yam tsis yog hlau thiab halogens.
Kev sib tham nrog hlau
Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv tshwm sim. Uas yog, hlau atoms ua ke nrog sulfur atoms, yog li tsim complex tshuaj sulfides. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj sovob moles ntawm poov tshuaj, tov nrog ib tug mole ntawm leej faj, peb tau txais ib tug mole ntawm sulfide ntawm no hlau. Qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: 2K + S=K2S.
Reaction nrog oxygen
Qhov no yog sulfur burning. Raws li cov txheej txheem no, nws cov oxide yog tsim. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem yog ob hom. Yog li ntawd, kev combustion ntawm sulfur tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ob theem. Thawj yog thaum ib mole ntawm sulfur thiab ib mole ntawm oxygen tsim ib mole ntawm sulfur dioxide. Koj tuaj yeem sau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no raws li hauv qab no: S + O2=SO2. Qhov thib ob theem yog ntxiv ib qho ntxiv oxygen atom rau dioxide. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum ib mole ntawm oxygen ntxiv rau ob moles ntawm sulfur dioxide ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov tshwm sim yog ob moles ntawm sulfur trioxide. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo li no: 2SO2 + O2=2SO3. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, sulfuric acid yog tsim. Yog li, los ntawm kev ua tiav ob txoj haujlwm tau piav qhia, nws muaj peev xwm dhau qhov tshwm sim trioxide los ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm dej vapor. Thiab peb tau txais sulfate acid. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sau raws li nram no: SO3 + H2O=H2 SO 4.
Kev sib tham nrog halogens
Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm leej faj, zoo li lwm yam tsis yog hlau, tso cai rau nws ua rau cov tshuaj no. Nws suav nrog cov tshuaj xws li fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine. Sulfur reacts nrog ib qho ntawm lawv, tshwj tsis yog rau qhov kawg. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov txheej txheem ntawm fluorination ntawm kev txiav txim siabpeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj zaum. Los ntawm cua sov cov hais tsis yog hlau nrog halogen, ob qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm fluoride tuaj yeem tau txais. Thawj rooj plaub: yog tias peb noj ib mole ntawm sulfur thiab peb moles ntawm fluorine, peb tau txais ib mole ntawm fluoride, cov mis ntawm uas yog SF6. Cov kab zauv zoo li no: S + 3F2=SF6. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev xaiv thib ob: yog tias peb noj ib lub mole ntawm leej faj thiab ob lub moles ntawm fluorine, peb tau txais ib lub mole ntawm fluoride nrog cov tshuaj formula SF4. Qhov sib npaug yog sau raws li nram no: S + 2F2=SF4. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov proportions uas cov khoom sib xyaw. Raws nraim tib txoj kev, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm chlorination ntawm leej faj (ob yam sib txawv kuj tuaj yeem tsim tau) lossis bromination.
Sib tham nrog lwm yam yooj yim
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj sulfur tsis xaus rau ntawd. Cov tshuaj tseem tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen, phosphorus thiab carbon. Vim muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen, sulfide acid tsim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau, lawv cov sulfides tuaj yeem tau txais, uas, dhau los, kuj tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha ntawm leej faj nrog tib cov hlau. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen atoms rau sulfur atoms tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm kub heev. Thaum sulfur reacts nrog phosphorus, nws phosphide yog tsim. Nws muaj cov qauv hauv qab no: P2S3. Yuav kom tau txais ib qho mole ntawm cov tshuaj no, koj yuav tsum noj ob moles ntawm phosphorus thiab peb moles ntawm sulfur. Thaum sulfur cuam tshuam nrog cov pa roj carbon, cov carbide ntawm cov uas tsis yog-hlau yog tsim. Nws cov tshuaj formula zoo li no: CS2. Yuav kom tau txais ib lub mole ntawm cov khoom no, koj yuav tsum noj ib mole ntawm carbon thiab ob moles ntawm leej faj. Tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv uas tau piav qhia saum toj no tsuas yog thaum cov reactants tau rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Peb tau txiav txim siab txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm leej faj nrog cov tshuaj yooj yim, tam sim no cia peb mus rau kab lus tom ntej.
Sulfur thiab complex compounds
Complex yog cov tshuaj uas nws cov molecules muaj ob (lossis ntau dua) cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm leej faj tso cai rau nws ua rau cov tebchaw xws li alkalis, nrog rau cov concentrated sulfate acid. Nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj no zoo li peculiar. Ua ntej, xav txog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum cov lus nug uas tsis yog hlau yog tov nrog alkali. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj noj rau 6 moles ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab ntxiv peb moles ntawm sulfur rau lawv, koj tau txais ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj sulfide, ib tug moles ntawm no hlau sulfite, thiab peb moles dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: 6KOH + 3S=2K2S + K2SO3 + 3H2 O. Los ntawm tib txoj cai, kev sib cuam tshuam tshwm sim yog tias sodium hydroxide ntxiv. Tom ntej no, xav txog tus cwj pwm ntawm leej faj thaum muaj kev daws teeb meem ntawm sulfate acid ntxiv rau nws. Yog hais tias peb noj ib mole ntawm thawj thiab ob moles ntawm cov khoom thib ob, peb tau txais cov khoom nram qab no: sulfur trioxide nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm peb moles, thiab kuj dej - ob moles. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj no tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum cov reactants tau rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Tau qhov khoom nugnon-metal
Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev uas koj tuaj yeem rho cov sulfur los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Thawj txoj kev yog cais nws los ntawm pyrite. Cov tshuaj formula tom kawg yog FeS2. Thaum cov khoom no yog cua sov rau qhov kub tsis tau nkag mus rau oxygen, lwm yam hlau sulfide - FeS - thiab sulfur tuaj yeem tau. Kev sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sau raws li hauv qab no: FeS2=FeS + S. Qhov thib ob txoj kev tau txais sulfur, uas feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam, yog kev sib txuas ntawm sulfur sulfide nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ib qho me me ntawm oxygen. Hauv qhov no, koj tuaj yeem tau txais qhov suav hais tias tsis yog hlau thiab dej. Yuav kom ua tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj yuav tsum tau noj cov khoom hauv qhov molar ratio ntawm ob mus rau ib qho. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txais cov khoom kawg hauv proportions ntawm ob mus rau ob. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: O. Tsis tas li ntawd, leej faj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem metallurgical, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov hlau xws li npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab lwm yam.
siv kev lag luam
Cov tsis yog hlau peb tab tom txiav txim siab tau pom nws daim ntawv thov dav tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Raws li tau hais los saum no, ntawm no nws yog siv kom tau txais sulfate acid los ntawm nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfur yog siv los ua ib qho khoom siv rau kev tsim cov khoom sib tw, vim tias nws yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws kuj tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawg, hmoov phom, sparklers, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfur yog siv los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab. ATtshuaj, nws yog siv los ua ib feem hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj rau cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov dyes. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov phosphor.
hluav taws xob qauv ntawm sulfur
Raws li koj paub, txhua lub atoms muaj cov nucleus, uas muaj cov protons - cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - thiab neutrons, piv txwv li cov khoom uas tsis muaj nqi. Electrons tig ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus nrog rau qhov tsis zoo. Txhawm rau kom lub atom ua nruab nrab, nws yuav tsum muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab electrons hauv nws cov qauv. Yog tias muaj ntau qhov tom kawg, qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo ion - anion. Yog tias, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus naj npawb ntawm cov protons ntau dua li cov electrons, qhov no yog qhov zoo ion, lossis cation. Cov sulfur anion tuaj yeem ua raws li cov kua qaub seem. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj molecules xws li sulfide acid (hydrogen sulfide) thiab hlau sulfides. Ib qho anion yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm electrolytic dissociation, uas tshwm sim thaum ib yam khoom yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub molecule decomposes rau hauv ib tug cation, uas yuav sawv cev raws li ib tug hlau los yog hydrogen ion, raws li zoo raws li ib tug cation - ib tug ion ntawm ib tug acid residue los yog ib pawg hydroxyl (OH-).
Vim tias tus naj npawb ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog kaum rau, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias qhov no yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov protons hauv nws cov nucleus. Raws li qhov no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tseem muaj kaum rau electrons tig ib ncig. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrons tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev rho tawm cov lej ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm molar pawg: 32- 16=16. Txhua lub electron tsis tig randomly, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib co orbit. Txij li cov sulfur yog cov khoom siv tshuaj uas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm thib peb ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm, muaj peb lub orbits nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus. Thawj tus muaj ob lub electrons, qhov thib ob muaj yim, thiab peb muaj rau. Cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm cov sulfur atom yog sau raws li nram no: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.
Nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej
Yeej, cov tshuaj suav hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog sulfides ntawm ntau yam hlau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog pyrite - hlau ntsev; Nws tseem yog txhuas, nyiaj, tooj liab luster, zinc blende, cinnabar - mercury sulfide. Tsis tas li ntawd, leej faj kuj tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm cov zaub mov, cov qauv uas sawv cev los ntawm peb lossis ntau dua cov tshuaj.
Piv txwv li, chalcopyrite, mirabilite, kieserite, gypsum. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog lawv txhua tus hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv. Pyrite yog ferrum sulfide, los yog FeS2. Nws muaj lub teeb daj xim nrog golden sheen. Cov pob zeb no feem ntau pom tau tias yog ib qho impurity hauv lapis lazuli, uas yog dav siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias ob lub pob zeb no feem ntau muaj qhov tso nyiaj ntau. Copper ci - chalcocite, los yog chalcosine - yog ib qho khoom siv xiav-grey, zoo ib yam li hlau. Lead luster (galena) thiab nyiaj luster (argentite) muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws: lawv ob leeg zoo li hlau thiab muaj xim grey. Cinnabar yog xim av-liab npub ntxhia nrog grey thaj ua rau thaj. Chalcopyrite, tshuajnws cov mis yog CuFeS2, - golden yellow, nws tseem hu ua golden blende. Zinc blende (sphalerite) tuaj yeem muaj xim los ntawm amber mus rau fiery txiv kab ntxwv. Mirabilite - Na2SO4x10H2O - pob tshab los yog dawb crystals. Nws tseem hu ua Glauber's ntsev, siv hauv tshuaj. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm kieserite yog MgSO4xH2O. Nws zoo nkaus li cov hmoov dawb lossis xim tsis muaj xim. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm gypsum yog CaSO4x2H2O. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob.
