Cov khoom no muaj xws li roj thiab methane, nkev roj. Lawv txawv txawv heev. Kuv tab tom tham, tau kawg, txog hydrocarbons. Nws yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib qho ntawm feem ntau nthuav thiab feem ntau xav tau los ntawm noob neej tshuaj. Lawv yog dab tsi? Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias chemistry yog dab tsi hauv qib 9.
Hydrocarbons
chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj no sib xyaw ua ke ntau yam sib xyaw, feem ntau tau siv los ntawm tib neeg kom ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj ntev. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov pa roj carbon tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog hydrogen, uas yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj ntau yam. Yog tsis muaj nws, lub neej raws li peb paub nws yuav ua tsis tau.
Hydrocarbons yog cov khoom uas muaj ob lub ntsiab lus: carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv cov molecules tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog linear, tab sis kuj branched, thiab kuj tsim kaw cycles.
Kev faib tawm
Carbon tsim plaub daim ntawv cog lus, thiab hydrogen ua ib qho. Tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias lawv qhov piv ntawm ib txwm yog 1 mus rau 4. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog ib leeg xwb, tab sis kuj yog ob npaug, thiab triple bonds. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, cov chav kawm txawvhydrocarbons. Hauv thawj kis, cov tshuaj no hu ua saturated (los yog alkanes), thiab nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob - unsaturated los yog unsaturated (alkenes thiab alkynes rau ob thiab peb daim ntawv cog lus, ntsig txog).
Lwm qhov kev faib tawm suav nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov molecule. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, aliphatic hydrocarbons txawv, cov qauv ntawm uas yog linear, thiab carbocyclic, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kaw saw. Qhov kawg, dhau los, muab faib ua alicyclic thiab aromatic.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, hydrocarbons feem ntau dhau los ua polymerization - txheej txheem ntawm kev txuas cov molecules zoo tib yam rau ib leeg. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom siv tshiab kiag li, tsis zoo li lub hauv paus. Ib qho piv txwv yog polyethylene, uas yog tsim los ntawm ethylene nkaus xwb. Qhov no tsuas yog ua tau thaum nws los txog rau unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Cov qauv, uas kuj yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm unsaturated ones, kuj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov atoms tshiab uas tsis yog hydrogen nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv cov dawb radicals. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lwm yam organic tshuaj tau txais: cawv, amines, ketones, ethers, proteins, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis cov no yog kiag li cais cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv chemistry.
Examples
Hydrocarbons yog ntau yam khoom loj, txawm tias suav nrog kev faib tawm. Tab sis tseem, nws tsim nyog sau luv luv cov npe ntawm cov tebchaw suav nrog hauv ntau chav kawm no.
- Qhov kawg hydrocarbons yog methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, thiab lwm yam. Thawj thiab peb lub npe tej zaum yuav paub txawm tias cov neeg uas tsis yog tus phooj ywg tshwj xeeb nrog chemistry. Yog liFeem ntau hom roj av hu ua.
- chav kawm ntawm alkenes (olefins) suav nrog ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene, thiab lwm yam.
- Los ntawm txoj kev, ob thiab peb daim ntawv cog lus yuav tsis yog ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li cov qauv yog alkadienes thiab alkadiines. Tab sis txhob mus tob heev.
- Raws li hydrocarbons, cov qauv uas raug kaw, lawv muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes thiab cycloalkynes.
- Npe ntawm thawj: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, thiab lwm yam.
- chav kawm thib ob suav nrog cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, thiab lwm yam.
- Thaum kawg, cycloalkynes uas tsis tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej. Lawv tau sim ua ke rau lawv ntev heev thiab ntev, thiab qhov no tsuas yog ua tau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cycloalkyne molecules muaj tsawg kawg yog 8 carbon atoms. Nrog tsawg dua, kev sib txuas tsuas yog tsis ruaj khov vim muaj qhov hluav taws xob ntau dhau.
- Tseem muaj cov arenes (arromatic hydrocarbons), qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev uas yog benzene. Tsis tas li hauv chav kawm no yog naphthalene, furan, thiophene, indole, thiab lwm yam.
Alkynes suav nrog ethylene (acetylene), propyne, butyne, pentyn, hexine, thiab lwm yam.
Properties
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, hydrocarbons yog ib qho loj ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov txawv me ntsis los tham txog lawv cov khoom sib xws, vim tias tsuas muaj tsis muaj.
Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tib yam rau txhua qhov hydrocarbons yog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Thiab tseem muaj qhov tseeb tias thaum pib ntawm txhua kab,Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nce, muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab kua rau hauv cov khoom.
Muaj lwm qhov zoo sib xws: tag nrho cov hydrocarbons muaj cov nplaim hluav taws zoo. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov cua kub tawm ntau, carbon dioxide thiab dej tsim.
Natural Springs
Zoo li lwm yam minerals, qee cov hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm deposits thiab reserves nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Tshwj xeeb, lawv ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov roj thiab roj. Qhov no tau pom meej meej thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tom kawg: ntau cov tshuaj raug tso tawm hauv cov txheej txheem, feem ntau cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau hydrocarbons. Gas thiab tag nrho rau 80-97% feem ntau muaj methane. Tsis tas li ntawd, methane yog tsim los ntawm decomposition ntawm cov organic pov tseg thiab seem, yog li nws cov khoom tsis yog ib qho teeb meem loj.
Lwm qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons - chaw soj nstuam. Cov tshuaj uas tsis tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lwm cov tebchaw uas siv tshuaj lom neeg.
Siv
Hydrocarbons ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm noob neej. Roj thiab roj tau dhau los ua cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig vim lawv ua cov roj thiab lub zog thauj khoom. Tab sis cov no tsis yog tib txoj hauv kev siv cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm cov chav kawm no. Hydrocarbons yog txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig tib neeg hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nrog kev pab los ntawm polymerization, nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los ntawm ntau hom plastics, fabrics, thiab lwm yam. Kerosene, solvents, xim thiab varnishes, paraffins, asph alt, tar, bitumen, thiab qhov no tsis suav lub ntsiab. cov khoomroj refining - roj av thiab diesel roj.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no loj heev. Ob qho tib si unsaturated thiab saturated hydrocarbons yog ntau pua thiab txhiab yam khoom uas txhua tus neeg siv thiab ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj lawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yooj yim tshaj plaws. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom tsis kam lees lawv cov kev siv txawm tias xav txog qhov tseeb tias cov roj thiab roj cia yuav ploj mus, raws li cov kws tshuaj ntsuam kwv yees. Tib neeg twb tau nquag mus nrhiav lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob, tab sis tsis muaj ib qho kev xaiv tseem tsis tau pom qhov ua tau zoo thiab siv tau ntau yam li hydrocarbons.
