Tam sim no, kiag li txhua lub tshuab suav nrog peb qhov tseem ceeb, suav nrog lub cav, lub cev tswj hwm thiab lub tshuab xa mus. Rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm nws tus kheej lub luag haujlwm los ntawm lub tshuab thev naus laus zis, nws lub cev ua haujlwm, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, yuav tsum ua kom txaus qee yam kev txav los ntawm kev tsav tsheb. Dab tsi yuav tsum to taub los ntawm lub tswv yim no? Tus tsav tswj li cas? Keeb kwm ntawm nws keeb kwm yog dab tsi? Cov lus nug no thiab lwm cov lus nug tseem ceeb sib npaug tuaj yeem teb tau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kab lus no.
Introduction
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias cov hom tsav hauv qab no tau paub niaj hnub no:
- Manual, mechanical or horse drive.
- Powered by cua turbine.
- Gas turbine tsav.
- Tsav hydraulic, pneumatic lossis hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog (xws li lub pob actuator).
- dej log tsav.
- Chav tsav.
- DriveInternal combustion engine.
- Tsav hydraulic, pneumatic lossis hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog.
Hnub no, ib feem yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub tshuab rau lub hom phiaj thev naus laus zis, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los xyuas kom meej qhov yuav tsum tau txav mus los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub tshuab ua raws li txoj cai lij choj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nthuav tawm lub tshuab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tsav tsheb, uas tau koom ua ke los ntawm kev tswj hwm uas muab tag nrho cov tub ceev xwm lub cev nrog rau qhov tsim nyog txav raws txoj hauv kev nyuaj.
tsav hluav taws xob yog kev daws teeb meem niaj hnub
Nws yog qhov nthuav kom paub tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam, kev tsav hluav taws xob niaj hnub no tau ua thawj qhov chaw tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam sawv cev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tag nrho cov. engine hwj chim thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ntau yam ntxwv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tsav hluav taws xob muaj ib feem ntawm lub zog, los ntawm lub zog xa mus rau lub cev tswj hwm los ntawm lub cav, thiab kev tswj hwm uas ua kom nws txav mus los raws li txoj cai lij choj.
Hluav taws xob tsav yog lub tswv yim, lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov uas, nrog rau kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, tau nthuav dav thiab ua kom zoo dua ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj hwm, thiab hais txog kev siv tshuab. Nws yog qhov nthuav kom paub tias hauv phau ntawv "Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob hauv Kev Lag Luam", luam tawm xyoo 1935 los ntawm V. K. Popov (Xib Fwb ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Lag Luam Leningrad) tau piav qhia txog lub tswv yim nthuav dav ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob kho tau. Yog li, lub zog tsav hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau nkag siab zoo li lub tshuab ua haujlwm, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nrawm, uas tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov load.
Lub tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau nthuav dav. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub tshuab xaws hluav taws xob los yog lub qhov hluav taws xob lub qhov hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, thaum automating ntau lawm txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub complex, nws yog tsim nyog los qhia meej lub tswvyim nyob rau hauv kev xav. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb lub rooj sib tham hais txog lub automation ntawm ntau lawm txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm mechanical engineering thiab automated electric tsav nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1959 nyob rau hauv Moscow, ib tug tshiab txhais tau pom zoo. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov cuab yeej nyuaj uas hloov hluav taws xob mus rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab tseem muab hluav taws xob tswj cov tshuab hluav taws xob uas tau hloov dua siab tshiab.
hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv
Nws yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias S. I. Artobolevsky hauv xyoo 1960 hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Kev tsav tsheb yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab" xaus lus tias xav txog kev tsav tsheb ua cov txheej txheem nyuaj uas suav nrog lub cev tswj hwm, kev sib kis thiab lub cav, vim saib tsis taus. Yog li, nws tau hais tias txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwmhluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog, tsis suav nrog lub cev pabcuam thiab kev sib kis, thiab cov tshuab ua haujlwm raws li kev xav tau kawm txog kev tswj hwm lub cev thiab cov khoom siv sib kis, tsis suav nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cav.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias hauv phau ntawv "Basis of a automated electric drive" hauv xyoo 1974 los ntawm M. G. Chilikin thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv, cov lus hauv qab no tau muab: "Ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim los rau automate. thiab electrify cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab muaj los ntawm kev tswj, hloov, kis tau tus mob thiab hluav taws xob cov khoom siv."
kev tsav hluav taws xob
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm li cas? Cia peb muab lub xauv hluav taws xob ua piv txwv. Yog li, lub zog siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov cuab yeej sib kis tau xa ncaj qha mus rau kev ua haujlwm (tus thawj coj) lub cev ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim khoom. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv hluav taws xob rau hauv tshuab, thiab tseem muab hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob ntawm lub zog uas tau hloov dua siab tshiab, raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siv technology tam sim no muaj feem xyuam rau cov qauv kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Yuav ua li cas lwm txhais tau paub hnub no?
Nws yog qhov nthuav kom paub tias hauv phau ntawv txhais lus polytechnical hauv xyoo 1977, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv kev kho ntawm I. I. Artobolevsky (tus kws tshaj lij), cov lus hauv qab no tau muab: Ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim los rau teem rau hauv cov cav tov thiab mechanisms, nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv pauszog - hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog. Nws tau raug sau tseg nyob rau ntawd tias ib qho hluav taws xob tsav (piv txwv li, lub rooj zaum fais fab) suav nrog ib lossis ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lub tshuab xa hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv tswj.
Txoj kev tsav hluav taws xob niaj hnub
Hnub no, muaj ntau yam kev siv hluav taws xob tau paub. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog lub valve hluav taws xob, vim hais tias, nws yuav zoo li, tsis ntev los no, tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov zoo li no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov tsav hluav taws xob niaj hnub no yog qhov txawv los ntawm qib siab ntawm automation, uas tso cai rau lawv ua haujlwm tag nrho raws li cov qauv kev lag luam, nrog rau tsim cov qauv tsim nyog ntawm kev txav ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg siab. Yog li ntawd, twb tau pib thaum xyoo 1990, lo lus nug tau nthuav dav mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm automation.
Kev txiav txim siab raws li GOST
Hauv GOST R50369-92 "Electric drives" lub tswv yim hauv qab no tau qhia: "Ib qho hluav taws xob tsav yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas suav nrog cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob uas cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hloov pauv, cov ntaub ntawv thiab tswj cov khoom siv, thiab raws li kev sib cuam tshuam mechanisms nrog cov neeg kho tshuab sab nraud, hluav taws xob, cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj xyuas. Lawv tau npaj los teeb tsa lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev tswj hwm qhov kev txav no los siv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis."
B. I. Klyuchev txog hluav taws xob tsav
Raws li nws tau muab tawm, txhua yam tsav hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, hluav taws xob daim iav tsav, muaj ntau qhov chaw. Nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig los tshawb txog cov ncauj lus no kom ntxaws ntxiv. Yog li, phau ntawv kawm los ntawm V. I. Klyuchev "Txoj Kev Xav Txog Hluav Taws Xob", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 2001, muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no ntawm lub tswv yim raws li kev xav txog kev siv tshuab: "Ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim los teeb tsa. nyob rau hauv motion executive organs ntawm lub tshuab thiab txheej txheem tswj ntawm ib tug technological xwm. Nws muaj cov cuab yeej tswj hwm, lub tshuab hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog thiab cov khoom siv sib kis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, phau ntawv qhia qhia meej meej txog lub hom phiaj thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig los xav txog qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws ntxiv hauv tshooj tom ntej.
Electric tsav qhov chaw
Cov khoom siv kis tau tus mob ntawm ib qho kev tsav hluav taws xob (piv txwv li, lub rooj zaum lub log nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob) muaj cov txuas txuas thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim nyog los hloov cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm lub cav mus rau lub actuator.
Lub converter mechanism yog tsim los tswj cov kev khiav ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas los ntawm lub network, kom tswj cov kev khiav hauj lwm hom ntawm lub mechanism thiab lub cav. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv hais tias nws yog lub zog ib feem ntawm lub electric tsav tswj system.
Cov cuab yeej tswj tau ua cov ntaub ntawv qis tam sim no ntawm kev tswj hwm, uas yog tsim los rauKev sau thiab kev ua tiav tom qab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuaj txog ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub kaw lus, teeb tsa kev cuam tshuam, nrog rau cov cim kev tswj hwm rau lub converter ntaus ntawv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob raws li qhov system no.
ob txhais lus
Los ntawm cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob tam sim no tau txhais los ntawm ob qho kev txhais lus: raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thiab ua ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab "Txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1979, hais txog tias txoj kev xav ntawm hluav taws xob tsav yog ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm peb lub teb chaws.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xav txog lub xyoo 1880 yog qhov pib ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, vim hais tias nws yog thaum ntawd DA Lachinov tsab xov xwm "Electromechanical work" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib lub npe nrov magazine hu ua "Electricity.”. Nyob rau hauv nws, thawj zaug, qhov zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau pom zoo.
Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv tias tib phau ntawv xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv hluav taws xob: "Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm electromechanical systems, txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txav. tswj cov kab ke no."
Hnub no, lub zog tsav hluav taws xob yog ib feem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tshawb fawb, uas tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauvautomation thiab electrification ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam. Nws daim ntawv thov thiab kev txhim kho, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab.
