Keeb kwm ntawm gingerbread nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo. Cov khoom noj no nyiam cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Lawv txawv: zib ntab, cinnamon, mint, chocolate thiab, ntawm chav kawm, Tula. Cov tshuab tsim khoom tseem zoo li qub. Gingerbread yog suav tias yog ib qho khoom qab zib Lavxias teb sab, ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Ntau tus neeg xav tias: qhov kev kho no tuaj txog li cas?
gingerbread tuaj qhov twg hauv Russia
History tsis teb lo lus nug no. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej, tab sis muaj lus dab neeg hais tias Vikings coj lawv los rau peb. Lawv liam tias qhia cov Slavs yuav ua li cas ua noj qab zib ncuav qab zib, uas tom qab ntawd tau txais ib daim ntawv paub txog txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Russia. Thaum pib, lub khob noom cookie rau lawv tau npaj los ntawm rye hmoov thiab zib mu, ci uas? tau txais ncuav mog qab zib.
Tab sis qhov version no tsis tau lees paub los ntawm dab tsi. Slavic pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv Russia loj hlob rye thiab koom nyob rau hauv beekeeping - sau zib mu los ntawm qus muv. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem xav tias qhov delicacy no tsis tau coj los ntawm qhov chaw. Nws yog los ntawm ancient sij hawmnpaj los ntawm cov yawg koob ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.
Gingerbread hauv Russia
Raws li keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, gingerbread tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 9th. Daim ntawv qhia muaj xws li: rye hmoov, zib mu thiab qus berry kua txiv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kom muaj nuj nqis yog zib mu, accounting rau yuav luag ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov. Txhua lub nroog muaj nws daim ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau yam tshuaj ntsuab muaj txiaj ntsig tau pib ntxiv rau gingerbread. Lawv raug suav tias yog kho. Tom qab da dej thiab tshuaj yej kub, lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos ntawm gingerbread nyob rau hauv Russia suav nrog lub sij hawm ntawm imported ntawm txawv spices los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj, lawv pib ntxiv rau lub khob noom cookie. Ntawm no, cov neeg ua mov ci, uas tau hu ua cov txiv neej gingerbread thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj thaj chaw loj rau xaiv. Xws li cov txuj lom tau ntxiv rau lawv, uas niaj hnub no nyuaj rau xav txog hauv cov ncuav qab zib. Cov no yog dill, dub kua txob, cumin. Nws yog qhov nkag siab ntau dua rau cov neeg niaj hnub no ntxiv anise, vanilla, cinnamon, txiv qaub, mint, cloves lossis qhiav rau cov khoom noj khoom haus no. Tag nrho cov khoom no kuj tau ntxiv rau lub khob noom cookie.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "carrot"
Txhua yam zoo li no, cov khoom qab zib no tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lo lus "spice", uas los ntawm cov qub Lavxias teb sab "ppr" - "kua txob". Gingerbread yog thawj lub npe rau peppered lossis spiced ncuav qab zib.
Views
Keeb Kwm tau khaws pov thawj tias txij li xyoo 17th mus rau 19th centuries muaj cov khoom siv tes ua rau lawv siv. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thev naus laus zis tau khaws cia hauv kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Qhov kev noj qab haus huv no muaj rau txhua chav kawm. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj lub rooj ntawm vaj ntxwv thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lawv noj tau dhau los ua kev lig kev cai cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj peb hom kev kho mob, nyob ntawm seb nws tau ua li cas: stucco, luam tawm, tuag-txiav, los yog carved, gingerbread. Lub npe yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim khoom, tab sis cov khoom tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khob noom cookie. Cov keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm gingerbread muaj ob peb lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv txhua yam muaj ib tug tej yam delicacy. Cia peb saib ib leeg.
Stucco
Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov noog, tsiaj txhu, ntses, neeg. Feem ntau cov gingerbread tau molded nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub tsev. Cov tsiaj no tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia, thaum tsis yog tsiaj txhu thiab noog, cov khoom lag luam ua los ntawm khob noom cookie tau txi rau cov vajtswv. Thaum pib xuas tes ua gingerbread muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab tau siv rau hauv kev ua koob tsheej kev cai dab qhuas. Maj mam, lawv pib siv los ua khoom noj hauv tsev neeg hnub so: kab tshoob, hnub npe.
Keeb kwm ntawm gingerbread nyob rau hauv Russia pib nrog stucco, uas tuaj ntawm pagan Russia. Niaj hnub no, ntsib lawv yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, raws li lawv tau ci nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Gingerbread zoo li cov khoom ua si hauv av nplaum thiab hu ua "roes", "teters", "vitushki". Cov tom kawg tau ua los ntawm nyias flagella ntawm khob noom cookie, woven rau hauv cov qauv intricate tshwj xeeb. Rau kev siv loj, lwm hom gingerbread pib ua, raws li lawv ua kom nws ua tau kom ci ncuav qab zib ntau dua.
Printed
Npaj siv lub rooj tsavxwm gingerbread, uas tshwj xeeb luam tawm yog hollowed, decorated nrog ornaments, paj, dluab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj, nrog rau ntau yam inscriptions. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab gingerbread, qhov no yog qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv yob tus pin, uas cov duab kos tau raug txiav tawm, tom qab siv lawv rau lub khob noom cookie, txhua daim ntawv qhia tau txiav tawm nrog rab riam ntse.
Qee zaum gingerbread yog ib qho haujlwm tiag tiag. Cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab fairy tales, epics, me me scenes ntawm lub nroog los yog nyob deb nroog lub neej tau siv rau lawv. Kev zoo nkauj ntawm gingerbread feem ntau nyob ntawm tus tswv uas ua tus gingerbread. Cov kws tshaj lij uas ua rau lawv hu ua flagmen. Cov ntawv luam tawm tau tsim los ntawm qee hom ntoo: linden, birch, maple thiab walnut.
Lawv yog cov khoom thiab hom teeb tsa. Thawj zaug tau siv los ua cov gingerbread loj hauv ib daim ntawv. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog "phaj" kho uas tau npaj rau khoom plig. Hom-chaw boards muaj ntau cov pwm me me, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais ntau qhov khoom zoo ib zaug. Cov ncuav qab zib loj gingerbread, muaj 120 pwm me me, tau khaws cia.
txiav tawm, lossis txiav tawm
Rau nws qhov kev npaj, ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb tau siv, uas tau siv rau lub khob noom cookie thiab nws cov silhouette raug txiav tawm. Qhov no yog ib hom gingerbread tom qab. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Thawj qhov hais txog hnub rov qab mus rau 1850. Kev tsim khoom ntawm hom gingerbread no tau cim los ntawm kev hloov mus rau ntau lawm.
Variety
Txhua thaj chaw ci nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb gingerbread, uas txhua yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom ntxiv tau ntxiv: los ntawm cov txuj lom txawv teb chaws mus rau berries thiab tshuaj ntsuab loj hlob hauv Russia. Maj mam, nws tau los ua tsis tau tsuas yog cua, tab sis kuj yog ib tug pleev xim rau delicacy. Txhawm rau muab cov xim zoo nkauj golden, cov suab thaj hlawv tau muab sib xyaw rau hauv nws. Cov xim liab tau muab los ntawm crushed qhuav raspberries los yog cranberries. Los ntawm saum toj no lawv tau doused nrog glaze thiab siv cov qauv zoo nkauj. Xws li gingerbread hu ua dipping. Gingerbread tau muab rau lub npe hnub, hnub so hauv tsev teev ntuj, kev ua koob tsheej.
Muaj ntau dua 20 hom khoom ci hauv ntau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk - roes, nyob rau hauv Tula, Perm thiab Ryazan - Tula, nyob rau hauv Vyazma, Kolomna, Kaluga - Vyazma, nyob rau hauv Kursk, Novgorod - haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv Moscow - Moscow zib mu. Keeb kwm ntawm gingerbread nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib feem ntawm kab lis kev cai. Cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej: kev ua koob tsheej, hnub so, lub neej txhua hnub, pej xeem kos duab.
Mass production
Gingerbread ntau lawm los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog ib lub lag luam uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov xav tau rau lawv tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze. Lawv raug xa tawm mus rau txawv teb chaws, qhov chaw uas lawv nrov. Gingerbread Hoobkas tus tswv Ivan Popov tau tshwj xeeb Lavxias teb sab gingerbread khw hauv Paris, Berlin thiab London.
Kev ua cov khoom lag luam feem ntau yog keeb kwm, cov lus zais dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Qee lub dynasties ntawm gingerbread muaj nyob rau ntau pua xyoo. Muaj cov npe ntawm "master" thiab "apprentice" raukom tau txais lawv, ib tug yuav tsum xeem dhau ib qho kev xeem nyuaj, uas tau koom los ntawm cov kws paub txog hauv lawv daim teb.
Tula Gingerbread
Qhov kev noj qab haus huv no yog qhov nto moo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Tula gingerbread muaj ntau tshaj 300 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub expositions ntawm ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej, qub luam boards nrog ntau yam qauv thiab inscriptions tau khaws cia. Lawv nyob rau XVII-XVIII centuries. Nyob rau hauv Tula, lawv ci mint, zib mu, elegant luam gingerbread nrog ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo txhaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, me me, tsis tau luam tawm zhamkas tau ua ntawm no, uas muaj rau txhua ntu ntawm cov pejxeem.
Tula gingerbread muaj npe nrov rau nws kev lag luam hauv ntau lub nroog Lavxias. Cov khw muag khoom thiab khw muag khoom tau qhib hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas lawv muag cov khoom qab zib ntawm Tula. Kev ua yeeb yam tau tuav hauv nroog, qhov twg Tula cov neeg ua mov ci tau nthuav tawm lawv cov khoom. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws tau muaj nyob rau hnub Friday thib kaum tom qab Easter.
Gingerbread muag ntau yam: vanilla, raspberry, almond, chocolate. Lawv cov duab sib txawv: puag ncig, duab plaub, duab, hom-teeb, ntaub pua plag, muab faib ua feem. Qhov kim tshaj plaws yog gingerbread nyob rau hauv elegant tin thawv. Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas ntawm lub confectioner Grechikhin.
Russian gingerbread yog nto moo tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntawm lub npe nrov Nizhny Novgorod ncaj ncees, qhov twg cov tub lag luam los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tuaj, feem ntau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Iran, Qaib ntxhw thiab Afghanistan, Tula gingerbread yog nyob rau hauv kev thov.
