Cov lus niaj hnub siv ntau yam tsiaj ntawv: Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic thiab lwm yam. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias muaj ntau lub suab hauv cov lus tshaj li muaj cov ntawv? Yuav ua li cas qhia tias nws nyob ntawm no tias "a" zoo li "e", thiab "o" zoo li "y"? Diacritics los cawm.
Definition
Hauv kev hais lus, cov cim npe hu ua subscript, superscript lossis qee zaum txawm tias inline kos npe, uas qhia qhov peculiarity ntawm kev hais lus ntawm ib tsab ntawv. Thaum sau ntawv, cov cim no tseem ceeb heev, vim lawv ua haujlwm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus. Qee hom lus ua tsis muaj lawv txhua, zoo li lus Askiv, thiab qee qhov muaj ntau hom lus, xws li Czech lossis Nyab Laj.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Thawj qhov kev siv cov ntawv teev npe yog ntaus nqi rau Aristophanes ntawm Byzantium, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov ntawv yog li denoted suab paj nruas kev nyuaj siab, aspiration, raws li zoo raws li qhov ntev los yog luv ntawm cov suab. Cov cim kev hais lus feem ntau tau muab faib ua hom lus uas siv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, tab sis tsis cuam tshuam rau Latin nws tus kheej, vim nws tsis muaj.suab nrov nrov, tsis muaj qhov ntswg vowels, palatalized (softened) consonants.
Ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus tau muaj sia nyob txij li lub sijhawm ntawd: piv txwv li, ib qho kev sib tw qhia txog kev ntxhov siab, thiab diaeresis (ob lub dots saum lub suab) hauv lus Romance qhia tias ob lub suab sib law liag tsis tsim diphthong. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov cim qhia hloov lawv lub ntsiab lus nyob ntawm hom lus thiab lub sijhawm. Tib lub diaeresis hauv German txhais tau hais tias kev hloov pauv, uas yog vim li cas cov Germanists hu ob lub ntsiab lus no ib qho umlaut (German rau "permutation").
Nyob ntawm kev hais lus
Tsis muaj qhov kev txiav txim rau kev faib cov ntawv teev npe, tab sis ib qho pom tseeb tshaj plaws yog kev faib cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov ntawv sau, subscript, thiab inline raws li lawv sau. Cov no tuaj yeem yog strokes, zuam, voj voog thiab cov dots nyob ib sab ntawm lossis ntawm tsab ntawv.
Kev thuam muaj ntau lub hom phiaj. Cov paib uas ua lub suab muaj nuj nqi muab tsab ntawv ib lub suab tshiab, txawv ntawm lub ntsiab, los yog vice versa, qhia tias tsab ntawv tsis hloov nws lub suab, txawm tias ib puag ncig. Qee cov cim qhia kuj qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab, uas yog, nws qhov ntev, lub zog, sonority, thiab lwm yam.
Qee tus neeg hais lus ua qhov kev ua haujlwm orthographic kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus homograph, xws li Spanish si "yog" thiab Sí "yog". Muaj cov ntawv teev lus uas ib txwm siv thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau lub ntsiab lus lossis kev hais tawm, xws li ob lub teev dhau ntawm "i" hauv lus Askiv naïve.
Accessors
Ua rau cov lus niaj hnub nontau yam piv txwv ntawm diacritics ntawm ntau yam. Yog li, piv txwv li, mob stroke nrog txoj kab nqes "á" tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub suab nrov lossis aksantegyu thiab qhia tias muaj suab nrov. Hauv Lavxias, qhov kos npe no tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub cim kev ntxhov siab, vim tias tsis muaj ntau yam kev ntxhov siab hauv cov lus. Tib qhov tshwj xeeb yog siv hauv Polish nrog cov ntawv sau los qhia lawv cov softness, thiab hauv Czech - los qhia qhov ntev ntawm cov vowels.
Nws tus kwv ntxaib, qhov rov qab tig "à" feem ntau txhais tau hais tias hnyav, lossis qhov ntxa, hauv Greek, Fabkis, thiab South Slavic. Hauv Suav, daim paib no txhais tau hais tias lub suab poob.
Lub cim ntawm "lub kaus mom" ntawm lub suab "â" feem ntau hu ua circumflex. Hauv cov lus niaj hnub no, feem ntau yog siv los qhia qhov ntev ntawm lub suab, xws li hauv Fabkis lossis Italian. Lub ces kaum kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Sanskrit thiab lwm yam lus Semitic.
Tus txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws ntawm lub voj voog tilde "ñ" hauv cov ntaub ntawv medieval yog siv los txo qhov kev sau ntawm ob tus lej los yog qhia lub suab nrov yog tias tsis muaj lwm lub npe rau lub suab no. Spanish tilde tam sim no qhia qhov softness ntawm n, thiab qee cov kws tshawb fawb siv nws los sawv cev rau lub qhov ntswg.
Qhov uas twb hais lawm diaeresis, uas yog ob lub dots saum tsab ntawv "ä", qhia txog kev nyeem ntawv diphthongs lossis kev hloov pauv. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov cim uas tseem siv hauv Lavxias los tsim tsab ntawv "e", tab sis tsis ntev los no nws tau raug tshem tawm ntau ntxiv.
Qee thaum sau nrawmhloov ob lub dots nrog lub ntsug bar, hloov diaeresis rau macron. Yeej, qhov kos npe no qhia txog qhov longitude thiab luv luv ntawm cov suab, piv txwv li, hauv Latin.
Hauv lus Slavic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Czech, feem ntau muaj lub cim zoo li tus noog - "ž" haček. Hauv Czech nws cim cov lus mos thiab hais lus, thiab hauv Finno-Ugric thiab B altic lus nws cim lub suab [h], [w] thiab [u]. Gachek feem ntau siv thaum txhais lus Lavxias lossis Slavic cov npe thiab cov npe rau hauv Latin kom tsis txhob sib sau ua ke ntev.
Ib qho piv txwv nthuav ntawm lub cim cim kuj tseem tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub voj voog suab, uas hauv Scandinavian cov lus siv nrog lub suab "sh" los qhia ntau qhib [o].
Nyiam nug tau nawb
Nyob rau hauv qhov tsos, cov ntawv sau feem ntau sib raug rau lawv cov ntawv sau ua ke - cov no yog ntau lub kaus mom, dots, voj voog thiab strokes. Qee lub sij hawm tsab ntawv tseem "loj hlob tus Tsov tus tw", uas tseem suav hais tias yog kev hais lus. Raws li nrog cov ntawv sau loj, cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem sau cais ntawm tsab ntawv, tab sis feem ntau sau ua ke.
Ib qho kev sau npe yog "ç" segil, uas tau ua haujlwm ua lus Mev tab sis tsis siv lawm. Feem ntau qhov kos npe no yog siv hauv Fab Kis los qhia cov lus ntawm tsab ntawv c li [c]. Segil kuj tseem siv hauv Turkish, cim lub suab [j], [h], [s] thiab [sh].
Ntxiv rau lub segil, kuj tseem muaj c-tail, uas hauv Polish hu ua ogonek thiab siv rau lub qhov ntswg "ą" thiab "ę".
Inline cov cim
Cov paib zoo li no tau sau lossis luam tawm rau saum cov ntawv, feem ntau cov no yog strokes ntawm ntau hom. Yog li, piv txwv li, kab rov tav stroke hla Latin "d" hauv Nyab Laj qhia lub suab [d]. Hauv Scandinavian hom lus, uas yog Norwegian, Danish thiab Icelandic, kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm lub "o" qhia tib lub suab uas Swedish thiab German qhia nrog ob lub dots. Tib yam mob stroke dhau tsab ntawv "l" hauv Polish qhia tias nws softness.
Cov ntawv teev lus me me tab sis tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov ntawv. Kev tso tseg lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tsis zoo thiab cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, yog li nco ntsoov ua tib zoo mloog txhua qhov me me, strokes thiab voj voog uas nrog rau tsab ntawv.
