Cov tub yees yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov kua tshwj xeeb. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv cov cua txias thiab tub yees. Cov tub yees ua rau lub sijhawm hloov ntawm cov kua mus rau roj thaum nws nqus cua sov thiab rov qab mus rau cov kua thaum lub compressor compresses cov roj. Kev xaiv cov tub yees zoo tshaj plaws yog ua raws li cov khoom siv thermodynamic. Nws yuav tsum tsis yog-corrosive, nyab xeeb, tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis-flammable.
Keeb Kwm Ntawm Cov Tub Txias
Belgian tus kws tshawb fawb Frederic Sworths pioneer lub synthesis ntawm CFCs nyob rau hauv lig 1890s. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom tshwm sim tom qab hloov cov tshuaj chloride hauv carbon tetrachloride los ntawm futuride rau kev sib txuas ntawm CFC-11 thiab CFC-12. Thaum xyoo 1920s, Thomas Midgley Jr. tau txhim kho cov txheej txheem synthesis thiab sib tw siv CFCs los ua cov tub yees los hloov cov ammonia, chloromethane thiab sulfur dioxide uas tau siv thaum lub sijhawm.
Lawv muaj teeb meem, nplaim taws, thiab qee qhov muaj kuab lom. Feem ntauCov tub yees yog CFC hu ua Freon - DuPont lub npe rau lub tub yees "R-12". Raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov tub yees zoo li yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nyab xeeb dua, cov pa roj tsis muaj corrosive thiab pheej yig los tsim.
Nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1970 uas cov tshuaj chlorine tau pom los ua kom cov txheej txheem ozone tag nrho thiab raug txwv. Xyoo 1970s, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias cov tub yees ammonia cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag mus ntawm infrared rays rau hauv lawv, vim tias lawv khaws cia hauv cov huab cua thiab ua rau cov cua sov hloov mus, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv huab cua, yog li qhov sib xyaw no raug txwv.
Nyob rau xyoo 1990 thiab 2000s, CFCs tau hloov los ntawm HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) thiab HCFC uas nquag tshaj plaws yog "R-22" uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg dua ntawm ozone, txawm li cas los xij nws tseem txaus ntshai. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm ozone depletion, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj nrog HFCs uas tsis muaj tshuaj chlorine. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd lawv pom tau tias HFC tseem ua rau ib puag ncig los ntawm cov pa hauv tsev cog khoom.
Ntau yam ntawm cov tub yees media
European Commission tau yuam kom R134A cov tub yees tsis siv rau cov neeg caij tsheb uas muaj ntawv pov thawj muag hauv European Union. Txoj cai no yog thawj zaug npaj rau 1 Lub Ib Hlis 2011. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li cov tub yees tshiab tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam dav dav, lub sijhawm kawg no tau txuas ntxiv mus rau Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2013.
Pib pib txij lub Ib Hlis 2017, tag nrho cov npe tshiabcov tsheb yuav tsum tau siv lwm lub refrigerant. Hauv 2018, tsuas yog 60% ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb tshiab nyob sab Europe tau siv lub tub yees zoo. Cov tsheb muag sab nraum European Union tseem siv R134A lossis cov tub yees txaus ntshai dua.
hom tub yees tseem ceeb:
- CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons.
- HCFC - HydroChloroFluoroCarbons.
- HFC - HydroFluoroCarbons.
Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus tau los lossis yuav raug hloov pauv yav tom ntej vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. HFO refrigerant tam sim no pib hloov CFCs vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom lub ntiaj teb qis dua thiab tsis ua kom ozone deplete, txawm hais tias qee qhov hluav taws kub heev. Tam sim no, 4th tiam ntawm cov tub yees tau nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam, uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab yog ib puag ncig zoo.
Xaiv lwm txoj rau R12
R12 tub yees tseem siv dav hauv daim ntawv thov tub yees. Tseeb tiag, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los nrhiav ib qho uas tuaj yeem hloov lub refrigerant thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev ua haujlwm. R134A yog qhov haum tshaj plaws rau cov hom phiaj no.
Kev sib piv ntawm R134A thiab R12:
- Lub peev xwm ntawm -7 ° C evaporator kub yog tib yam rau ob lub tub yees, thiab qis dua -7 ° C, yog tias R12 hloov nrog r134A tub yees, yuav muaj qhov ua rau txias txias. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov tub yees es tsis txhob hloov R134A. Freon 134 kuj tseem siv tau rau qhov kub thiab txiasxwm txheej.
- Cov cua kub hloov pauv rau R134A yog siab dua R12. Yog hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tib theem ua kua, lub tshav kub hloov coefficient ntawm R134A refrigerant yog 27-37% siab dua, thiab nyob rau hauv lub roj theem nws yog 37-45% siab dua. Yog hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ob theem, kua thiab gaseous, lub tshav kub hloov coefficient rau R134A yog 28% mus rau 34% siab dua nyob rau hauv lub evaporator thiab 35 mus rau 41% siab dua nyob rau hauv lub condenser.
- Cov nyhuv txias ntawm R134A yog li 22% ntau dua li ntawm R12. Yog li, qhov loj txaus tus nqi ntawm R134A xav tau ib tuj ntawm tub yees yog li 18% tsawg dua R12. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias rau lub peev xwm ntawm lub tub yees, qhov xav tau ntawm nws yog 18% tsawg dua thaum siv R12. Ntawd yog, hauv txhua yam khoom siv uas R12 hloov los ntawm freon 134, tus nqi ntawm cov tub yees uas yuav tsum tau them yog tsawg dua R12. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb ntim ntawm R134A yog me ntsis loj dua R12, yog li rau tib tus nqi ntawm cov tub yees, qhov ntim ntawm R134A yog loj dua R12.
- Qhov nce hauv qhov txias txias ntawm R134A yog offset los ntawm kev nce hauv nws qhov tshwj xeeb ntim. Yog li, R134a them rau hauv kev hloov kho yuav tsum yog 5-10% tsawg dua R12.
hloov R12 rau R134A
Qee qhov kev teeb tsa thaum ntxov siv ammonia ua cov tub yees. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov tsheb niaj hnub ua ntej xyoo 1995 siv R12. R12 yog cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis thiab siv tau zoo ic2 tub yees, txawm li cas los xij nws tau pom tom qab los ua ozone depleting gas thiab nws cov khoom siv thiab kev siv tau txwv.
Tom qab xyoo 1995, nws tau hloov los ntawm R134A, thiab nws tseem yogsiv nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsheb. Yog tias tsev neeg muaj lub tsheb qub nrog lub tshuab cua txias R12, ces cov neeg tsav tsheb muaj teeb meem loj nrog kev rov ua kom rov zoo li no thaum muaj kev xau lossis kev saib xyuas. Kev lag luam pib tsim cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem hloov pauv mus rau R134A tau yooj yim.
Hloov rau qhov txias txias
Txhawm rau hloov R12 rau R134A, tsuas yog qee qhov kev hloov pauv me me rau lub kaw lus yuav tsum tau ua. Luckily, lub compressor siv nyob rau hauv lub qub R12 system tseem yuav ua hauj lwm nrog R134A refrigerant thiab yuav ua tau zoo li. Lub condenser thiab evaporator tsuas yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib hloov, yog li lawv kuj tsis tas yuav hloov mus ua lwm lub tub yees.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau hloov pauv yog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws. Cov khoom kawg ntawm qhov system uas yuav tsum tau hloov pauv yog cov chaw nres nkoj siab. R134A siv cov chaw nres nkoj sib txawv rau kev them nyiaj thiab kev ntsuas siab, yog li cov qub R12 cov chaw nres nkoj yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm thiab hloov lossis ntxiv nrog cov hloov pauv. Tom qab kev yuav khoom tsim nyog, tshem tawm cov tub yees qub thiab roj. Thaum txhim kho ic2 refrigerant tshiab, R134A tau tshaj PAG roj yuav tsum tau ntxiv kom cov compressor lubricated.
Tom qab hloov lub kaw lus los ntawm R12 mus rau R134A, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xyuas qhov system siab rau ob peb hnub kom paub tseeb tias txhua yam ua haujlwm zoo. Yog tias pom muaj qhov xau me me hauv qhov system, thov Red Angel A / C Stop Leak los kawsystem.
Cov tub yees muaj kev nyab xeeb dua freon
Common HCFC R-22, uas tau siv ntau xyoo lawm, tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig raws li cov kws tshaj lij tau xav. Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig tau ua haujlwm kom tshem tawm cov tub yees thiab thaum kawg txwv nws tag nrho. Theem tawm ntawm R-22 pib hauv 2010. Los ntawm 2020, kev siv cov tub yees yuav raug txwv hnyav, thiab txwv tsis pub dhau xyoo 2030.
Cov tub yees zoo ib puag ncig tam sim no muaj nyob hauv khw yog "R-290" thiab "R-600A". Lawv yog HCs, lossis hydrocarbons, thiab lawv cov npe tshuaj yog "Propane" rau R-290 thiab "Isobutane" rau R-600A. Lawv yog 100% halogen dawb, tsis muaj ozone depletion muaj peev xwm thiab yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb sov sov. Lawv kuj muaj zog heev, tab sis kuj flammable vim lawv yog hydrocarbons. Tam sim no, feem ntau "ntsuab" cov tub yees yog R134A, R-407C, R-410A. Cov neeg tsim khoom uas tsim cov tub yees no thov tias cov tshuaj muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li.
Lub tog raj kheej nrog freon R134A
Nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm CFC thiab HCFC refrigerants ntawm ozone txheej, pab pawg no tau siv dav los hloov. Cov tub yees nyob rau hauv lub tub yees R134A yog hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), uas muaj xoom ozone depletion muaj peev xwm thiab me ntsis kom tsis muaj tsev xog paj.
tub yees R134Ayog ib qho tshuaj sib xyaw tetrafluoroethane, muaj ob lub atoms carbon, ob hydrogen atoms thiab plaub fluorine atoms. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog CF3CH2F. Qhov hnyav molecular ntawm R134A refrigerant yog 133.4 thiab nws qhov kub kub yog 26.1 ° C. R134A yog non-flammable thiab non-explosive, muaj ib txwm toxicity thiab zoo tshuaj stability, me ntsis siab affinity rau ya raws.
R134A zoo ib yam li R12 nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv lub cev thiab cov thermodynamic. Yog li ntawd, nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev hloov zoo heev. Cov khoom ntawm R134 tub yees yog raws li nram no:
- Nws pib qhov hluav taws kub - 770 °C.
- Ozone depletion tus nqi - 04.
- Solubility hauv dej 0.11 wt% 25 C.
- Critical kub - 122 °C.
- Color code: lub teeb xiav.
- Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Muaj Peev Xwm (GWP) 1200.
- Cov tub yees kub, kub taw tes -26.1 °C.
Thermodynamic zog ntawm R-407C
Raws li nws cov khoom, nws sib raug rau cov yam ntxwv muaj nyob hauv R-22. R-407C yog ib qho kev hloov pauv rau cov tub yees rau cov uas tab tom nrhiav kev hloov kho R-22 cov cuab yeej. Kev sib xyaw ntawm hydrofluorocarbons suav nrog pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane thiab 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane. Ib tug dav siv lwm yam refrigerant nrov nyob rau hauv ntim cov cua txias thiab brushless sib cais systems, raws li zoo raws li lub teeb cua txias thiab ncaj qha expansion systems pom nyob rau hauv vaj tse, kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam kev siv. R-407C kuj ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kub tub yees tshuab thiab hauv ntauCov khoom siv tshiab.
Cov khoom siv tshiab siv nitrogen ua tus nqi tuav haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog R-407C vim yog siv cov roj tseem ceeb polyol. Thaum cov khoom siv tshiab thiab cov tshuab tub yees muaj ntau tshaj, R-407C tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm qee qhov R-22 yog tias muaj kev hloov roj rau hauv cov txheej txheem. Qhov no lwm txoj rau Freon yog suav tias yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg vim nws qhov zero ozone depletion peev xwm.
Ozone Depletion Potential R-404A
Nws yog 0 hauv cov tub yees no, ib yam li R-407C thiab R-134A. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau lub tshuab tub yees uas xav tau -45 ° C txog 15 ° C. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam thiab kev siv tsheb thauj mus los vim nws qhov kev ua haujlwm kub ntau. Nws zoo ib yam li R-22 thiab muaj kev ua tau zoo dua. Vim tias R-404A tsis hnov mob sai rau huab cua lossis dej, nws suav hais tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev siv ntau. Nws kuj yog non-flammable, tsis muaj xim thiab tsw.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li cov tub yees, cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau ceev faj kom tsim nyog los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog R-404A tseem tuaj yeem ua rau frostbite, thiab ntau dhau ntawm hluav taws kub lossis cua sov tuaj yeem ua rau lub pas dej tawg. R-404A yog qhov zoo sib xws thiab muaj rau kev yuav ntawm cov khw muag khoom tshwj xeeb hauv kev muab cov khoom cua sov thiab cua txias.
Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ob hydrofluorocarbon tub yees, difluoromethane thiab pentafluoroethane, yogib tug neozone depleting refrigerant uas muab lub zog efficiency zoo dua R-22 thiab R-407C thiab tsis siv chlorine nyob rau hauv nws formulation. Nws raug suav hais tias tsim nyog dua li kev hloov pauv rau R-22 vim nws qhov siab dua thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom txias.
Feature R-410A
Yog tias cov neeg siv txiav txim siab yuav cov khoom siv uas siv R-410A, cov txheej txheem feem ntau yog qhov yooj yim heev. Qhov tseeb, ntau lub tuam txhab cua txias thiab tub yees ua cov chav tshwj xeeb rau kev siv nrog R-410A. Txawm hais tias nws nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tub yees, cua txias thiab tub yees, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev xaiv Freon no yuav tsis ua haujlwm hauv A / CR-22 units.
R-410A cov tub yees muaj qhov ntsuas siab dua, yog li yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv tshaj qhov uas ib txwm siv nrog R-22. Lub tub yees yuav tsum tau them rau hauv cov kua dej thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv luv luv tawg. R-410A yog muag raws li ntau lub npe: AZ-20, Suva410A, GenetronR410A, Forane410A, EcoFluo rR410 thiab Puron. Nws yooj yim heev los yuav online thiab hauv khw tshwj xeeb.
Tsheb cua txias
A 2006 EU cov lus qhia xav kom txhua lub tsheb tshiab muag hauv EU kom muaj peev xwm ua kom lub ntiaj teb qis qis (GWP) tub yees. Qhov txwv tau teem rau GWP 150 uas YF tuaj yeem muab tau tam sim no. Nws qhov zoo dua yog cov khoom pov tseg ntawm tus kheej - nws tag nrho decomposes nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv hais txogkaum ib hnub.
Txawm tias muaj qhov tseeb tias HFO1234yf tau txais los ua cov tub yees tshiab, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees muaj kev tsis ntseeg. Daimler thiab qee lub tuam txhab German thiab cov neeg tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntseeg tias YF yog qhov txaus ntshai vim nws qhov hluav taws kub kub. Hauv kev teb, Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau pom zoo qee lub tsheb Daimler kom txuas ntxiv khiav ntawm R134A, cuam tshuam rau EU cov lus qhia.
Lub European Commission tseem tau hem kev cai lij choj tawm tsam lub tebchaws Yelemes vim tsis ua tiav kev ua tiav cov cai tshiab tso tawm cov tub yees. GM thiab Toyota tau tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev txhawb nqa rau YF thiab hais tias lawv xav tias cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuab tshiab
Tus nqi ntxiv ntawm YF cov tub yees tshiab yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm EUR30-50. YF cov tshuab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab xav tau kev siv ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv.
Vim tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom rau YF yog siab dua R134A, qhov khoom noj khoom haus yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom no tau ntau xyoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li xyoo 2018 thaum tag nrho cov tsheb tshiab hauv European Union yuav tsum tau siv lub tub yees. Lwm yam tshaj li R134A. los ntawm R134A.
Nqi nce txij Lub Ob Hlis 1, 2018:
- R452a + 20%.
- R410a + 20%.
- R448a + 15%.
- R449a + 15%.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm R-22 system
Hloov R22 nrog R134A yog txheej txheem yooj yim. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tag nrho R22 yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov system. Tom qab ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm tag nrho cov lubricating roj los ntawm lub system(qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov roj seem hauv lub cev yog 5% ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj tam sim no hauv nws). Mineral roj yuav tsum tau hloov nrog hluavtaws ester roj. Lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws thiab roj lim yuav tsum tau hloov.
Tus nqi ntawm R134A xav tau hauv qhov system yog 90 txog 95% R22. Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov tshuab uas tau hloov kho nrog R134A piav qhia txog cov tub yees tshiab thiab cov roj lubricating. Txawm hais tias tus txheej txheem yog ib qho yooj yim, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua tib zoo ua nws. Cov seem ntawm R-22 hauv qhov system tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib kis. Nws rau R-22 thiab R-134A tuaj yeem ua rau lub tsheb cua txias tsis tshua muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab nce lub compressor lub taub hau siab mus rau theem txaus ntshai, ua rau kom ua tiav qhov system tsis ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, R-134A yuav tsum muaj cov roj tshwj xeeb sib xyaw - polyarylene.
Xyoo 1987, Montreal Protocol tau tshaj tawm, uas yog kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb hauv ntau lub tebchaws los pab tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem O-zone puas lawm. Ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau tshem tawm CFCs thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1994, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau xaus kev siv R-12 hauv kev lag luam tsheb. R-12 tau hloov los ntawm HFC lwm txoj R-134a. Hauv xyoo 2010, raws li Montreal Protocol, Tebchaws Meskas tau tshaj tawm tias nws yuav ua haujlwm rau kev siv R-22 hauv kev siv yav tom ntej. Txhua lub tshuab tshiab yuav tsom HFC R-410A, uas tsis muaj chlorine.
