Kev hloov pauv / kev hloov pauv yog ib pawg ntawm qhov uas ib tus tuaj yeem tawm qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev kawm thiab qhov khoom ntawm qhov kev ua. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg no yog tias qhov kev kawm ua ib qho kev nqis tes ua, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig yuav "tso" (hloov) lossis tsis "tshem" (tsis dhau) rau qhov kev kawm. Yog li ntawd, verbs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muab faib ua transitive thiab intransitive.
Cov lus qhia hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv. Lexical meaning
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab kev hloov pauv, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb uas ua raws li cov khoom nrog cov lus qhia thiab muaj qee qhov cim cim.
A transitive verb yog ib qho lus qhia uas muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim uas tau coj mus rau ib qho khoom thiab hloov lossis tsim nws (khoom ua haujlwm, khawb ib lub qhov).
Intransitive verb - qhia txog kev txav los yog txoj haujlwm hauv qhov chaw, lossis lub xeev kev coj ncaj ncees, lossis lub cev.
lub npelabile lus. Lawv tuaj yeem ua raws li ob qho tib si hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv (tus editor tswj hwm cov ntawv sau - tus txiv neej nws tus kheej tswj hwm lub ntiaj teb).
Syntatic sib txawv
Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus hloov pauv thiab cov lus tsis sib xws yog cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus lexical. Transitive thiab intransitive verbs feem ntau mus ua ke:
- Thawj - nrog cov npe thiab cov lus qhia txog qhov khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yam tsis muaj preposition nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv accusative (nyeem ib phau ntawv xov xwm, kho ib tug ntxhais).
- Qhov thib ob - nrog ntxiv uas tau hais los ntawm cov npe thiab cov lus, nrog lossis tsis muaj prepositions, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm (ua si ntawm txoj kev, taug kev ncig lub vaj). Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog cov lus qhia tsis sib xws, cov lus hais tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis tsis muaj preposition thiab bearing lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm los yog qhov chaw: tourists mus nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj.
Dhau li ntawm, cov khoom ntawm kev ua nrog cov lus qhia hloov pauv kuj tuaj yeem hais tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv genitive, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xws li:
- thaum xaiv ib feem ntawm ib qho khoom: yuav dej, haus tshuaj yej;
- yog tias muaj lus tsis txaus siab nrog cov lus qhia: Kuv tsis muaj cai, Kuv tsis tau nyeem phau ntawv.
Cov lus qhia hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv (tej lus) muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb no.
Morphological nta
Raws li txoj cai, cov lus qhia no tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb morphological. Txawm li cas los xij, qee yam ntawm cov lus tsim ua raws li cov cim ntawm kev hloov pauv lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus qhia. Yog li, cov lus qhia hloov pauv yog:
- tag nrho cov lus qhia nrog -sya affix (kom paub meej);
- nominative verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha-(-icha-) stands out: picky, exhaust, greedy.
Cov lus qhia hloov pauv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia nrog cov lus tom qab -i-: ntsuab, blacken.
Muaj qee qhov xwm txheej thaum, los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus ua ntej rau intransitive non-prefixed verbs, lawv tsim cov lus qhia hloov pauv. Piv txwv: ua mob thiab nruab nrab.
Yog tias tsis muaj qhov khoom hauv kab lus, ces qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho intransitive: Tus menyuam kawm ntawv sau tau zoo (cov cuab yeej muaj nyob hauv tus neeg no yog qhia).
Cov lus qhia tsis sib xws muaj ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qhia rov qab, lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo yog cov lus kawg -sya (ntxuav, rov qab).
Reflexive verbs. Features
Reflexive verbs yog kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, ib yam li transitive verbs (Qib 6).
Ib qho lus qhia rov qab qhia txog qhov kev coj ua ntawm tus kheej. Nws yog tsim siv ib tug particle (postfix) -sya (-s).
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb hauv qab no ntawm cov lus qhia no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Ua ntej, lawv tuaj yeem los ntawm ob qho lus hloov pauv (tso - hnav) thiab tsis hloov pauv (knock - khob). Tab sis tseem, reflexive (transitive verbs tom qab ntxiv postfix -s (-s)) nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub ua intransitive (hnav khaub ncaws - tiab).
- Secondly, cov postfixes ntxiv: -sya - tom qab consonants (ntxuav, ntxuav, ntxuav), -s - tom qab vowels(hnav khaub ncaws, hnav khaub ncaws). Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov neeg koom nrog ib txwm sau nrog postfix -sya (hnav khaub ncaws, ntxuav).
- Thib peb, reflexive verbs yog tsim nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev: suffixal-postfixal - los ntawm kev ntxiv ib lub ntsiab lus thiab ib qho postfix rau lub qia (rez+vy(t)sya), prefixed-postfixal (on+drink_sya), postfixal (wash+sya).
Tsim cov derivatives hauv -sya thiab passive participles
Vim lub ntsiab morphological ntawm transitive verbs yog tsim ntawm derivatives nyob rau hauv -sya thiab passive participles, uas tsis yog tus qauv rau intransitive verbs, cia peb paub txog cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv.
Feem ntau, cov lus qhia hloov pauv yog ib qho uas tsim ib qho kev koom ua ke lossis kev sib txuas nrog qhov xaus -sya, uas tuaj yeem muaj qhov rov qab (tsaus nti), lub ntsiab lus tsis txaus (tsim), decausative (so).
Qhov kev zam yog cov lus qhia ntxiv (hauv qhov hnyav), tus nqi, hnyav thiab feem ntau semelfactives hauv -nu (xaiv). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus qhia no tsis tsim cov ntsiab lus passive thiab reflexive derivatives.
Tab sis tseem, muaj cov lus qhia tsis hloov pauv uas tuaj yeem tsim cov kev tsim kho tsis raug. Piv txwv li, cov lus qhia expect. Nws tsim ib tug passive los ntawm ib tug intransitive kev tsim kho nrog ib tug ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub genitive rooj plaub: Kuv cia siab tias Vasily tuaj txog - Vasily yuav tsum tuaj.
Vajtswv txoj kev sib raug zoo
Txawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv tsis muaj ib qho kev qhia tawm, tseem muaj cov kev xav uas koom nrog pawg ntawm kev hloov mus rauformal properties of verb, piv txwv li, nrog verb prefixes:
- Feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhia uas tsis yog kev xav nrog cov lus qhia ua ntej raz- yog qhov hloov pauv (blur, thawb). Cov kev zam yog: verbs denoting txav nrog lub suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, tsav ncig); verbs qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj cov lus tom qab -nu-, tsim los ntawm intransitive verbs (kom ntub, yaj, o); verbs uas muaj cov lus thematic -e-, uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom (tau nplua nuj, nplua nuj); suav nrog hu, xav.
- Yuav luag tag nrho cov lus qhia uas tsis yog kev hloov pauv uas muaj cov lus ua ntej los ntawm- yog qhov hloov pauv (tshwj tsis yog: ntub dej, qhuav tawm, thov, thiab lwm yam).
Semantic properties of transitive verbs
Lavxias teb sab muaj chav kawm loj ntawm cov khoom ncaj qha. Ntxiv rau cov uas cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, cov lus qhia tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom ncaj qha uas ua lub luag haujlwm sib txawv (piv txwv li, pom, muaj, tsim - nrog cov lus qhia hloov pauv no, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau cov khoom, nws tsis rhuav tshem, tsis hloov.)
Yog li nws hloov tawm tias kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam yuav tsum tsis txhob sib txuas nrog cov chav kawm semantic ntawm cov lus qhia. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov lus qhia hloov pauv tsis tas yuav qhia txog tus neeg sawv cev-tus neeg mob qhov xwm txheej. Tab sis tseem, qee qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem raug sau tseg.
Yog li, ib lo lus hloov pauv yog:
- lus qhia txog kev puas tsuaj lossis kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib qho khoom (tua, tsoo);
- verb ntawm kev hloov cov duab ntawm ib yam khoom (crush,compress);
- kev xav txias ua lus qhia (ua txhaum, npau taws, ua txhaum).
Semantic zog ntawm intransitive verbs
Tom tau hais txog cov khoom siv ntawm cov lus qhia hloov pauv, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov seem, uas yog, intransitive ones:
- Ib qho lus qhia tsis muaj khoom, uas yog, lawv tus cwj pwm hloov pauv hauv lub xeev ntawm tus neeg mob (cov khoom ncaj qha, cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov xwm txheej), uas tsis yog los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev. Los yog tej zaum yuav muaj xwm txheej thaum tus neeg sawv cev ua lub luag haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb: tuag, rot, ntog, ntub dej.
- Pib nrog indirect ntxiv. Ntawd yog, cov lus qhia ntawm kev pab (nrog rau kev txhawb nqa): txhawb, pab, ua siab ntev, pab.
- Verbs uas siv nrog ib yam khoom uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg sawv cev koom nrog ntawm cov lus qhia (tsav, txav, yoj).
- Vim kev nkag siab ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis tseeb (suav rau, cia siab (dab tsi), vam khom, vam rau).
Non-canonical hom kev ncaj qha ntxiv
Nws tau hais ntau dua ib zaug tias cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhia hloov pauv yog lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ncaj qha hauv rooj plaub. Tab sis muaj cov chav kawm ntawm cov lus qhia uas siv tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov npe thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv accusative, tab sis kuj nrog ib lo lus los yog kev qhia ntawm lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus, semantically zoo tib yam rau nws mus rau ib tug degree los yog lwm yam. Cov no tuaj yeem yog:
- kab lus hais ua ntej (Kuv khawb tom qab pob ntseg);
- genitive group (txiv yawg tsis tau nyeem qhov noxov xwm);
- pab pawg neeg hais lus (nws haus ntau, kuv txiav txim siab li ntawd);
- sential actant (infinitive turnover - Kuv nyiam mus ua yeeb yam; subordinate clause siv ua ke nrog lub union -to los yog -thaum - Kuv pom tau hais tias nws yuav mus rau hiav txwv; subordinate clause ua ke nrog lub union -thaum - Kuv tsis nyiam, thaum los nag).
Qee qhov kev tsim kho uas tau teev tseg tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog hloov cov khoom ncaj qha siv nrog cov lus qhia hloov pauv, tab sis kuj tseem siv los qhia txog cov haujlwm zoo sib xws nrog cov lus qhia tsis sib xws. Namely:
- kab lus tsis meej (nws ntshai mus rau hauv hav zoov hmo ntuj);
- subordinate clauses ua ke nrog kev sib txuas -rau thiab - dab tsi (nws npau taws tias nws tsis tuaj; nws thov Vajtswv kom nws tuaj);
- subordinate clauses nrog conjunction -thaum (Kuv tsis nyiam nws thaum lub qhov rooj kaw);
- genitive (nws zam cov txiv neej no);
- tsim nrog ntau (Alina tsaug zog ntau).
Analogues ntawm cov saum toj no ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv accusative yuav tsum sib txawv degrees cov prototypical khoom ntawm ncaj qha khoom.
Summarize
Txawm hais tias lub ncauj lus no yog ib qho nyuaj, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb qhov kev hloov pauv txhais tau li cas. Lawv kuj tau kawm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws thiab cais tawm cov rov tshwm sim ntawm cov tom kawg. Thiab los ua pov thawj qhov no, cia peb muab piv txwv ntawm cov kab lus nrog cov lus qhia hloov pauv, nrog kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv:
- kev hloov pauv: pleev xim phab ntsa, kho tus neeg mob, nyeem phau ntawv, xaws khaub ncaws,nthuav lub tes tsho, yuav tshuaj yej, haus dej, tsis tsim nyog, pob me nyuam;
- intransitive: taug txoj kev, ntseeg txoj kev zoo, taug kev hauv tiaj ua si, ua kom qaug zog;
- rov qab tau: tau yam ua tiav, tsis pom zoo, sib ze, mloog tus thawj coj, xav txog qhov muaj nyob, daim ntawv pov thawj rau kwv tij, kov qhov teeb meem.
