Daim ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig yog txheej txheem ntsig txog kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm ntau hom kev ua ub no. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv qhov raug cai yog Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai "Rau Ib puag ncig Kev Tiv Thaiv", tshwj xeeb yog Tshooj 31, qhov twg lo lus no tau txhais.
Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tam sim no, thaum qhov teeb meem ntawm ecology nquag tau txais nws qhov tseem ceeb, muaj cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb xws li ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig pab ntau lub tuam txhab kom ua tiav kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias tib neeg thiab cov tuam txhab koom tes tso siab rau lub luag haujlwm thiab ceev faj cov tuam txhab ntau dua.
Object types
Hauv Asmeskas, Russia thiab European Union, cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb tau siv dav, uas tau ua raws los ntawm ntau lub xeev raws li kev pom zoo dav dav. Tshwj xeeb, cov khoom hauv qab no ntawm kev lees paub ib puag ncig poob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov cuam tshuamib puag ncig:
- khoom ntawm tej cuab yeej cuab tam, xwm reserves;
- khoom ntawm ib puag ncig tseem ceeb ntau lawm, factories, nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, thiab lwm yam.;
- thev naus laus zis tsom rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig;
- ib puag ncig xov xwm, kev cai lij choj, kev ua, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov system no npog txhua yam khoom uas cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Cov khoom tuaj yeem raug xa mus rau qee qhov kev ua tau zoo, uas qhia tias cov haujlwm no cuam tshuam dab tsi thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas. Cov khoom niaj hnub ntawm ecological certification yog sib txuas nrog kev tshawb pom.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm ecology hauv kev lag luam
Cov lag luam niaj hnub muaj txiaj ntsig rau lawv lub koob npe nrov heev. Lub koob meej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus khub thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog nyob ntawm daim duab. Nyob rau hauv nees nkaum xyoo tas los no, ecological sphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau dhau los ua hnyav heev los ntawm cov khib nyiab emissions los ntawm factories mus rau hauv cov huab cua los yog dej. Hauv qhov no, ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb tau tawm tswv yim ntau txoj hauv kev txuag ntuj. Eco-technology, uas hloov cov kev phom sij ntau dua, tau txais los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai lij choj kom dhau cov txheej txheem ntawv pov thawj.
Ua raws li qhov tseeb tias kev tiv thaiv xwm txheej tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lub lag luam, kev lees paub ib puag ncig tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam tawm tsam ib leeg.
Ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev lav phib xaub nyiam cov neeg koom tes ntau dua,cov tub ua lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm ecology tau ntev dhau los ua pej xeem. Txhua tus neeg ua lag luam yuav tsum xav txog qhov tseeb no.
Eco Certification Mark
Cov txheej txheem hauv nqe lus nug yog ib ntu ntawm kev ua. Cov txheej txheem rau daim ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig suav nrog, ntawm lwm yam, eco-label. Qhov no yog ib qho cim tshwj xeeb uas tau muab rau ib qho khoom tom qab tau ntawv pov thawj thiab lees paub tias ua raws li cov kev cai tsim nyog thiab cov qauv ib puag ncig tau txais los ntawm cov rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb. Cov rooj sib tham no tau muaj yuav luag txhua xyoo txij li xyoo 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los, vim muaj ntau yam teeb meem ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Tshwj xeeb, cov npe ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom ntuj muaj xws li cov kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov qauv. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, eco-cim yuav txawv, tab sis rau feem ntau lawv muaj tib lub ntsiab lus. Txij li thaum xyoo 1996, tus txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb ISO 14 000 tau tsim, raws li European txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig. Environmental standardization thiab ntawv pov thawj tau dhau los ua ib pawg nyob rau hauv no system.
Eco-labelling tuaj yeem hu ua cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom, cov txheej txheem lossis cov kev pabcuam suav nrog hauv lawv daim ntawv lo thiab / lossis lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Muaj ob qhov kev lees paub dav dav ntawm ecolabels. Qhov no yog dav dav thiab kev tshaj tawm. Cov lus txhais dav dav suav nrog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tshaj tawm kuj suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv uasyog siv los muab cov neeg siv khoom thiab lwm tus neeg txaus siab nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseeb txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom kawm hauv cheeb tsam no.
Qhov tshwm sim thiab siv cov cim eco (eco-kos npe) ntawm hom no yog vim muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
- High rhiab heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov neeg nyob rau cov teeb meem ntawm ecology thiab tiv thaiv tsiaj qus.
- Tib neeg lub siab xav tsim ib puag ncig uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim, kev tsim kho thiab siv cov khoom tsis ua paug rau ib puag ncig, xws li biofuels, biodegradable hnab, thiab lwm yam.
- Kev muaj peev xwm siv cov thev naus laus zis zoo ib puag ncig los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb
Qhov system no yog tsom rau kev lag luam. Cov neeg ua lag luam yuav tsum pom ib lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov dej num hauv kev khaws cia lub purity ntawm xwm. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig daim ntawv pov thawj. Hauv Western European lub teb chaws, kev ua raws li cov qauv ib puag ncig yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab tsim ntau dua li, piv txwv li, hauv Russia.
Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem
Vim tias cov kev cai lij choj muab los ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau nthuav dav thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, cov qauv yuav tsis zoo ib yam. Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig, ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg tsis yog los ntawm lub sijhawm nkag mus rau hauv kev quab yuam, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov kev cai:
- ISO 9001. Ib qho ntawm ntau cov qauv lees paub uas siv rau cov khoom tsim hauv cov chaw tsim khoom niaj hnub no, cov dej num lawvua tiav, thiab cov theem ntawm cov haujlwm no, sib txawv ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
- ISO 14000. Tus qauv no muaj cov npe dav dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau lees paub los ntawm kev lees paub. Lawv muaj peb hom: cov qauv dav dav, cov qauv ntsuas kev ntsuas thiab cov qauv tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom uas tau hais los saum toj no tuaj yeem raug lees paub ob qho tib si ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab kev yeem siab.
Yuav kom lub tuam txhab kom dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem no, nws yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm ecology, ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev txuag kev lom zem ntau haiv neeg nyob rau sab nraud uas nws cuam tshuam.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig
Cov ntaub ntawv nyab xeeb qhia txog qib nce lossis txo ib puag ncig kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom feem ntau lossis lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Cov cim eco-certification, feem ntau siv niaj hnub no los txiav txim siab theem ntawm ib puag ncig kev hem thawj ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv cov ntim, tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom:
- qhia qhia txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv, nrog rau xwm;
- cov cim qhia tias muaj peev xwm rov ua dua lossis siv cov khoom pov tseg lossis cov khoom pov tseg;
- kos npe qhia txog kev tsis ua raws li cov khoom lag luam nrog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thaum thauj, khaws cia lossis siv.
Qhov kev lees paub tshaj plaws hauv kev lees paub ib puag ncig yog qhov tseebGerman kev paub. Nws txhais li cas? Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, ua hauj lwm ntawm ib puag ncig certification pib nyob rau hauv 1974. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, ib qho kev kos npe ecological tau tsim - cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm tam sim no, paub zoo nyob hauv Europe, lub cim xiav Angel.
Blue Angel Badge
Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Blue Angel ib puag ncig kev lees paub yog nyob rau ntau txoj hauv kev nrog rau UN ib puag ncig kev pab cuam. Cov khoom lag luam cim nrog cov cim no ua raws li cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm cov kev cai uas lav lawv cov kev nyab xeeb lom neeg. Piv txwv li, lub tsheb uas tau txais eco-daim ntawv lo yog nruab nrog kev ruaj ntseg tso pa tawm thiab tsis ua phem rau huab cua.
Ntau zaus, lub cim Blue Angel tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov saib sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, tus saib xyuas yuav tsum ua tau raws li Energy Star lub zog txuag tus qauv thiab yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub thaiv tsim kom yooj yim hloov kho thiab kho dua tshiab. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus suav nrog hauv cov qauv ntawm tus saib yuav tsum ua tau raws li qee yam kev cai. Hauv qhov no, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsawg.
Cov chaw tsim khoom kuj tseem yuav tsum tau npaj coj cov khoom rov qab tom qab qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev puas tsuaj lossis rov ua dua tshiab. Daim ntawv pov thawj nrog lub cim Blue Angel tsis suav nrog cov khoom ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, tshuaj hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Teb chaws Europe cov qauv: cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws
Raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub ntiaj teb eco-certification, European Community qhia txog nws txoj kev yeem thiab qhib rau txhua lub teb chaws,uas tseem tsis suav nrog qhov tseeb tias yuav tsum muaj ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom siv qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li xyoo 1993, tsab ntawv ceeb toom EU tau tshaj tawm uas qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom muaj ntawv pov thawj lom neeg nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Raws li nws, lawv cov nqi tuaj yeem nce ntau zaus. Qhov kev txiav txim siab los muab cov ntawv sau ib puag ncig yog ua los ntawm cov chaw tso cai ntawm EU lub teb chaws, uas ua ntej ntsuas qhov kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm EU eco-certification yog ua raws li kev ceev faj: kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv thawj qhov chaw los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov khoom muaj kuab paug. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom, kev pabcuam, txheej txheem lossis lwm yam khoom uas cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv xwm txheej. Txoj cai eco-certification lawv tus kheej yuav tsum yeej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev cai. Thiab qhov no tseem ceeb.
txoj cai no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau raws li kev tshawb fawb pej xeem dav dav, uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua pab pawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nyob ntawm seb lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo EU Commission Bulletin feem ntau sau tawm cov kev xav tau kev nyab xeeb uas sib haum rau txhua theem ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm cov khoom muaj ntawv pov thawj, raws li tau tham ua ntej.
Xaiv ib yam khoom rau kev tshuaj ntsuam
Nws nyob ntawmtso cai tsoom fwv lub koom haum ntawm EU cov tswv cuab, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ua lag luam, pab pawg neeg, cov kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej, cov koom haum ib puag ncig, uas sib sau ua ke ntawm qib cheeb tsam rau lub rooj sab laj kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb.
Kev ua haujlwm kom nthuav tawm lub cim ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb yog ua tiav nyob rau theem thoob ntiaj teb, qhov kev sim tshuaj lom neeg tau ua tiav rau kev ua raws li cov cai pom zoo thiab kev txiav txim siab tau ua los ntawm qhov khoom plig ntawm ib puag ncig daim ntawv lo.
Kev zam thiab nta
Daim ntawv lo nyob sab Europe tsis suav nrog zaub mov, dej haus thiab khoom siv tshuaj. Lawv tsuas sau cov khoom uas suav nrog impurities thiab kev npaj uas tau teev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm cov khoom txaus ntshai. Cov xim ntawm lub cim tuaj yeem hloov ntawm ntsuab mus rau xiav lossis tsaus rau ntawm lub teeb tom qab. Lub eco-label yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam thiab txhawb kev txhawb nqa cov khoom ntawm lub khw, thiab tseem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig nyiaj txiag ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
Kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb
Hauv kev coj ua hauv ntiaj teb, ib tus tuaj yeem nco ntsoov qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qee yam kev xav tau rau cov khoom lag luam uas sib haum rau cov tswv yim dav dav txog nws txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntseeg tau. Piv txwv li, thaum qee qhov kev ntsuas txuag hluav taws xob raug siv, cov tuam txhab xav sau lawv cov khoom raws li.
Standardization hauv kev tswj pov tseg
Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tshem tawm kev lag luam thiab tsev neeg pov tseg yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev yog siv ntim khoomcov peev txheej, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ntau lub tebchaws.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tebchaws
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov xeev muaj tus cwj pwm sib txawv rau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev teb los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Piv txwv li, Denmark tau ua ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv xwm, uas yog vim nws thaj chaw nyob ze rau cov feem ntau "qhuav" lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Lub xeev no muaj txoj cai tswjfwm kev siv thiab tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lawv cov derivatives.
Nws kuj muaj cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua. Lub Danish Parliament lub luag hauj lwm ua raws li cov cai ntawm EU hauv kev lag luam ecology, tsis zoo li ntau cov neeg nyob ze, xws li lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov chaw uas tib neeg xav txog eco-certification yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub teb chaws. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias daim ntawv pov thawj tau pab ntau lub tebchaws los ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv ecology, tab sis tseem muaj teeb meem.
