Peb ntiaj chaw nyob los ntawm tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, ntoo, tshuaj ntsuab, nceb loj hlob rau ntawm nws. Tab sis ntxiv rau cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig, kuj tseem muaj cov teeb meem, xws li kab mob cab. Vim li cas lawv muaj teeb meem hauv qee kis thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lwm tus? Parasites belongs rau dab tsi, lawv cov kev faib tawm yog dab tsi? Nyeem tsab xov xwm no.
Producers
Ntawm lub plawv ntawm txhua qhov ecosystem yog cov kab mob nyob thiab tsis muaj sia nyob. Cov tom kawg yog hu ua abiotic factor. Txhua tus qauv biotic yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj cov neeg tsim khoom - cov tsiaj muaj sia muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom siv organic, siv cov inorganic sawv daws yuav. Cov no suav nrog cov nroj tsuag, cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis uas tshwm sim nrog kev pab ntawm lub teeb lub zog. Nroj tsuag, siv carbon, dej thiab tej yam minerals, thaum raug chlorophyll, muaj peev xwm ua ke cov organic tshuaj.
Cov neeg siv khoom
Cov no yog cov kab mob uas pub rau cov organic teeb meem npaj txhij. Cov no suav nrog tsiaj, tib neeg, qee cov kab mob, cov nroj tsuag. Dab tsi yog parasites? Raws li txoj kev ua neej, lawv yogcov neeg siv khoom. Thiab lawv tuaj ntau hom.
- Thawj lossis thawj xaj. Cov no suav nrog cov tsiaj uas nws cov zaub mov yog cov nroj tsuag.
- Secondary lossis thib ob thiab tom qab xaj. Lawv pub tsiaj noj, tab sis lawv cov zaub mov kuj suav nrog cov kab mob, uas yog, cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov kab mob muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv. Tsiaj txhu noj cov khoom organic kuj yog cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv tau txais feem ntau ntawm lawv lub zog los ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas lawv noj. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus. Predators pub rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm herbivorous tsiaj, nrog rau cov tsis muaj zog carnivores. Parasites muaj nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm lwm yam kab mob, thiab cov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv los ntawm superparasites. Raws li qhov no, nws ua raws li cov kab mob parasites yog cov neeg siv khoom. Microorganisms-reducers ua tiav cov khoom noj khoom haus, rov qab cov organic teeb meem mus rau lub xeev ntxhia. Lub zog ntws tib lub sijhawm maj mam poob nws lub zog.
Decomposers
Nov yog pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov fungi uas ua rau cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu tuag, tig mus rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide. Yog li, cov kab mob parasites yog cov kab mob uas ua tiav lub voj voog no thiab xa cov khoom puas tsuaj rov qab los rau hauv qhov chaw, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshiab. Qhov no yog li cas cov saw khoom noj raug tsim, uas mus los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab decomposers.
Cov kab mob yog cov decomposers, raws li lawv tau ua raws li lawv cov lus piav qhia thiab kev ua neej. Tag nrho cov khoom xyaw zaub movcircuits muaj kev sib raug zoo. Lawv cuam tshuam meej: qee qhov nqus ntau yam tshuaj, thaum lwm tus tso lawv. Cov neeg tsim khoom tsim cov pa oxygen thiab cov khoom organic, thiab cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov decomposers pub thiab ua pa rau lawv.
Heterotrophs
Cov no yog cov kab mob uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov organic teeb meem los ntawm cov teeb meem inorganic. Yog li, lwm yam kab mob tsim nws, thiab heterotrophs tsuas yog tau txais nws hauv daim ntawv tiav. Heterotrophs hauv zej zog yog cov neeg siv khoom thiab decomposers ntawm ntau yam kev txiav txim. Parasites yog heterotrophs, uas kuj yog: tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag thiab fungi, microorganisms tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm photosynthesis. Qee cov nroj tsuag heterotrophic tsis muaj chlorophyll kiag li. Cov no suav nrog rafflesia thiab broomrape, thiab qee qhov tau khaws qee qhov ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, dodder.
Nroj tsuag-parasites
Lawv yog dab tsi? Parasitic nroj tsuag suav nrog cov uas tau poob lub peev xwm los ntawm nws tus kheej tsim cov organic tebchaw, uas yog, rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Lawv tsis tsim tshuaj muaj zog rau lawv cov khoom noj, tab sis nqus cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas lawv pub rau. Txhawm rau kom muaj sia nyob, cov kab mob txuas lawv tus kheej mus rau cov hauv paus hniav thiab stems ntawm cultivated thiab qus nroj tsuag. Los ntawm kev poob cov as-ham, cov nroj tsuag muaj zog heev thiab tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho ib txwm. Lawv pib lag tom qab hauv kev loj hlob thiab wither tam sim ntawd. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis ripe rau tej nroj tsuag.
Parasitic nroj tsuag suav nrog qee yam ntawm dodder, xws li clover thiab alfalfa. Cov nroj no tsis muajchlorophyll thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Nrog rau lawv ntev, saj zawg zog stems, lawv tag nrho qhwv ib ncig ntawm tus tswv tsev cog thiab nkag mus rau hauv nws. Cov kab mob cab, uas suav nrog dodder, nqus cov kua txiv kom txog thaum cov nroj tsuag qhuav tag. Tseem muaj cov kab mob hauv paus, uas suav nrog broomrape. Nws tawm tsam cov hauv paus hniav ntawm paj noob hlis, txiv lws suav, luam yeeb, hemp.
Semi-parasitic nroj tsuag
Lawv cov zaub mov kuj yog cov as-ham ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas cov cab cab muab lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav lossis stems. Tab sis semi-parasites muaj peev xwm ua photosynthesis. Thiab tseem, yog hais tias tus tswv tsev tuag, semi-parasitic weeds tseem nyob ntawm nws tus kheej. Ib qho piv txwv yog mistletoe, uas muaj chlorophyll thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom photosynthesize. Qhov no semi-parasite tau txais ib feem ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm nws tus kheej, cia cov suckers tob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tus tswv tsev cog.
Mistletoe muaj ntau yam, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov cab cab. Ntxiv mus, mistletoe ntawm tib hom nyob ntsiag to ntawm cov ntoo sib txawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj xws li subspecies uas tau yoog rau ib hom ntoo. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias ib tug ntoo thuv mistletoe sprout nyob rau hauv ib tug pear tsob ntoo thiab pib rhuav tshem nws, cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tus tswv tsev yuav tuag, thiab mistletoe yuav tuag.
Muaj ob txhiab hom nyob hauv xwm. Txhawm rau kom muaj sia nyob, cov kab mob parasitic siv cov neeg pub dawb. Lawv yog kab, tsiaj, ntses, nroj tsuag. Cov nceb tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntoo tuag, tsiaj txhu, lossis nplooj poob. Parasitic fungi yogkab mob fungi, smut, ergot. Lawv kis tau qos yaj ywm, nplej, oats thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag. Qhov no ua rau cov txiaj ntsig qis dua.
Parasitic fungi muaj xws li Aspergillus thiab Cordyceps, uas yog nyob ntawm kab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug kab mob muv, mycelium ntawm Aspergillus fungus germinates sai sai. Qhov no ua rau cov txheej ntawm chitinous npog ntawm kab nrog lub plhaub dawb. Bee tuag lawm. Raws li rau cov kab mob cordyceps, qhov no tseem zoo dua: nws nyob hauv kab ntsig, pub rau nws sab hauv thiab loj hlob. Thaum qhov no tshwm sim, kab ntsig tuag. Cov nceb uas raug mob tshaj plaws yog nceb thiab flakes.
Kev cais cov kab mob
Nws yog nyob ntawm ntau yam. Cia peb xav txog qee yam ntawm lawv. Los ntawm chaw nyob, kab mob yog:
- Internal, nyob rau hauv lub host organism.
- Sab nraud, nyob ntawm tus tswv tsev lub cev.
Raws li lub sijhawm muaj kab mob parasites thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho:
- Permanent - muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob plaws lub neej. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog Trichomonas.
- Periodic - tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib cais. Piv txwv li, flatworms.
- Lub Sijhawm Luv - ib lossis ntau zaus lawv ntsib tus tswv tsev lub sijhawm luv. Nws tuaj yeem yog dev mub, leeches, bedbugs, yoov tshaj cum.
Raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cab nrog tus tswv tsev:
- Unconditional - kev txhim kho cov kab mob tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab.
- Tus txheeb ze - kab mob parasitic ntawm ib theemkev loj hlob thiab lub neej.
