Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab

Cov txheej txheem:

Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab
Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab
Anonim

Suav yog ib pab pawg ntawm cov lus hais uas muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm ib ceg ntawm Sino-Tibetan lus tsev neeg. Feem ntau, cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus sib txawv tsis to taub ib leeg. Suav yog hais los ntawm feem coob ntawm Suav thiab los ntawm ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Suav teb. Ze li ntawm 1.4 billion tus neeg (kwv yees li 19% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem) hais lus Suav hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm yam. Kab lus no yuav qhia koj qee yam ntawm cov qauv lus Suav thiab nws cov yam ntxwv thiab keeb kwm feem ntau.

Lus Suav
Lus Suav

Dialectism ntawm Suav

Ntau yam Suav feem ntau yog piav los ntawm cov neeg hais lus ib hom lus ntawm ib hom lus Suav, tab sis cov neeg txhais lus tau sau tseg tias lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg li hom lus.

Cov lus sib txawv ntawm Suav yog nco txog ntau hom lus Romance. Muaj ob peb yam lus tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Suav (nyob ntawm qhov kev faib tawm), uas feem ntau yog:

  • Mandarin lossis Standard Suav (kwv yees li 960 labcov neeg nqa khoom, tag nrho thaj av qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Tuam Tshoj sib txuas lus rau nws);
  • Wu hom lus (80 lab tus neeg hais lus, ntau hauv Shanghai, piv txwv);
  • Ming lus (70 lab, piv txwv li, hom lus yog hais sab nraud ntawm Tuam Tshoj, hauv Taiwan thiab lwm thaj chaw txawv tebchaws);
  • Yue dialect (60 lab tus hais lus, txwv tsis pub hu ua Cantonese) thiab lwm yam.

Feem ntau ntawm cov lus no muaj kev sib nkag siab tsis sib xws, thiab txawm tias cov lus nyob hauv pawg Ming tsis txawj ntse rau cov neeg hais lus ntawm ib lossis lwm yam lus Minsk. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus Xiang thiab qee cov lus Mandarin sab hnub poob tuaj yeem sib faib cov ntsiab lus thiab qee qhov sib xws. Txhua qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv tonality thiab ib co grammatical yam. Txawm hais tias cov lus Suav siv tau zoo ntawm txhua hom lus muaj ntau qhov sib xws, muaj qee qhov sib txawv.

kawm lus suav elementary
kawm lus suav elementary

Standard Mandarin

Standard Suav yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev hais lus Suav raws li lus Suav Mandarin. Nws yog hom lus ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Taiwan, thiab yog ib qho ntawm plaub hom lus ntawm Singapore. Cov kab lus Suav niaj hnub no yog raws li qhov system no. Nws yog ib qho ntawm 6 hom lus ntawm United Nations. Daim ntawv sau ntawm tus qauv lus, raws li lub logograms hu ua Suav cim, yog ib txwm rau txhua yam lus.

Kev suav suav suav

Cov lus qhia feem ntau faib txhua hom lus Suavlus ua ib feem ntawm tsev neeg Sino-Tibetan, nrog rau Burmese, Tibetan thiab ntau lwm yam lus hais nyob rau hauv lub Himalayas thiab Southeast Asia. Txawm hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus no yog thawj zaug tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th thiab tam sim no tau kawm dav, tsev neeg Sino-Tibetan tau kawm tsawg dua li cov Indo-European thiab Austroasiatic. Cov teeb meem muaj xws li ntau hom lus, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv ntau ntawm lawv, thiab tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam lus me tau hais nyob rau tej thaj chaw deb roob, uas feem ntau yog cov ciam teb tsis muaj zog thiab. Yog tsis muaj kev txhim kho txhim khu kev qha ntawm Proto-Sino-Tibetan, cov qauv saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm tsev neeg hom lus no tseem tsis meej.

Suav lus theory
Suav lus theory

Suav xov tooj cua

Suav feem ntau piav raws li "monosyllabic", txhais tau tias ib lo lus muaj ib lub suab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog qee qhov tseeb. Qhov no yog ib qho lus piav qhia ntawm Classical Suav thiab Medieval Suav. Hauv Suav Classical, kwv yees li 90% ntawm cov lus tau sib raug rau ib lub suab thiab ib lub cim. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ntau yam ntawm Suav, raws li ib tug txoj cai, ib tug morpheme (ib chav tsev ntawm lub ntsiab lus) yog ib lub suab. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lus Askiv muaj ntau polysyllabic morphemes, ob qho tib si cuam tshuam thiab dawb. Qee qhov kev saib xyuas yav qab teb Suav feem ntau yog monosyllabic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus hauv cov lus yooj yim.

In Mandarin (tus qauv qauvpronunciation thiab sau ntawv ntawm hieroglyphs), feem ntau lub npe, adjectives thiab verbs feem ntau yog ob lub suab. Ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov no yog phonological attrition. Phonetic hloov lub sij hawm tsis tu ncua txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab lus. Niaj hnub Mandarin tam sim no tsuas muaj txog 1,200 lub suab lus, suav nrog cov suab sib txawv, piv rau li 5,000 lub suab lus hauv Nyab Laj (tseem feem ntau yog lus monosyllabic). Lub suab tsis txaus ntawm lub suab no tau ua rau muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov homophones, uas yog, cov lus uas suab tib yam. Feem ntau niaj hnub ntau yam ntawm Suav zoo li tsim cov lus tshiab los ntawm kev koom nrog ntau lub suab ua ke. Qee zaum, cov lus ib lub suab tau dhau los ua ob lub suab.

Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab
Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov pib tshiab

Suav sau ntawv

Suav morphology nruj me ntsis cuam tshuam nrog ntau lub suab nrog kev tsim kho nyuaj. Txawm hais tias ntau ntawm cov monosyllabic morphemes no tuaj yeem yog ib lo lus, lawv feem ntau tsim cov polysyllabic compounds uas zoo sib xws li cov lus Western. Suav "lo lus" yuav muaj ntau tshaj ib tug morpheme cim, feem ntau yog ob, tab sis tej zaum yuav yog peb los yog ntau tshaj. Nov yog ib qho qauv sau ua lus Suav.

Kawm Suav cov qauv sau ntawv
Kawm Suav cov qauv sau ntawv

Piv txwv:

  • yún云/雲 - "huab";
  • hànbǎobāo, hànbǎo汉堡包/漢堡包, 汉堡/漢堡 – "hamburger";
  • wǒ我 - "Kuv, kuv";
  • rén人 -"neeg, txiv neej, txiv neej";
  • dìqiú 地球 – "Earth";
  • shǎndiàn 闪电/閃電 - " xob laim";
  • mèng 梦/夢 – "dab tsi".

Txhua yam ntawm cov lus Suav niaj hnub no yog cov lus tshuaj ntsuam xyuas vim lawv nyob ntawm cov lus hais (lo lus txiav txim thiab kab lus qauv) es tsis yog morphology. Ntawd yog, kev hloov pauv hauv daim ntawv ntawm lo lus - los qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lo lus hauv kab lus. Hauv lwm lo lus, muaj tsawg heev grammatical inflectional xaus hauv Suav. Nyob rau hauv pawg lus no, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo li kev hais lus tense, tsis muaj grammatical suab, tsis muaj lej (singular, plural, txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus cim, piv txwv li, rau tus kheej pronouns), thiab tsuas yog ob peb nqe lus (sib npaug uas muaj nyob hauv. English).

Suav sau ntawv
Suav sau ntawv

Suav feem ntau siv cov cim sau ntawv los qhia qhov nam thiab lub siab xav ntawm ib qho lus qhia. Hauv Suav, qhov no yog vim kev siv cov khoom xws li le 了 (zoo meej), hái 还 / 還 (tseem), yǐjīng 已经 / 已經 (twb) thiab lwm yam.

Syntax nta

Txoj lus Suav cov qauv sau ntawv muab rau cov lus hauv qab no: cov ntsiab lus-verb-object, zoo li ntau lwm yam lus hauv East Asia. Cov kev tsim tshwj xeeb hu ua cov lus feem ntau yog siv los ua ntau yam kev qhia meej hauv kab lus. Suav kuj muaj cov txheej txheem dav dav ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov txee uas yog lub cim ntawm cov lus Oriental xws li Japanese thiabKauslim. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv lus Suav, tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam ntawm Mandarin, yog kev siv cov lus qhia ua ntu zus (ntau cov lus qhia txuas nrog hauv ib lo lus piav qhia txog ib qho xwm txheej), kev siv "zero pronoun". Tau kawg, Suav cov qauv sau ntawv yuav tsum tau ua kom sib koom ua ke cov qauv sau ntawv no.

Vaj Lus Suav

Los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, muaj ntau dua 20,000 hieroglyphs, uas muaj txog 10,000 feem ntau siv niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cim Suav yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog cov lus Suav. Txij li cov lus Suav feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ob lossis ntau tus cim, muaj cov lus Suav ntau dua li muaj cov cim. Lub ntsiab lus zoo dua hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yuav yog morpheme, txij li lawv sawv cev rau cov kab lus me tshaj plaws, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej thiab / lossis cov lus nyob hauv Suav.

Suav grammar ce
Suav grammar ce

Ntau tus cim hauv Suav

Kev kwv yees ntawm tag nrho cov lus Suav thiab kab lus sib txawv heev. Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau pov thawj ntawm Suav cov cim suav nrog 54,678 cov cim, suav nrog cov cim qub. Nrog 85,568 tus cim, Phau Ntawv Qhia Beijing yog qhov ua haujlwm loj tshaj plaws raws li Kev Sau Ntawv Suav nkaus xwb.

Suav cov qauv sau ntawv rau cov neeg pib tshiab yog qhov nyuaj heev, cov neeg uas xav paub cov lus tshwj xeeb no yuav tsum tau kawm txhua yam lus piav qhia.

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