thermodynamics yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib ceg ntawm physics uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog cov khoom ntawm macroscopic systems. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv lub zog thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev hloov pauv kuj poob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Thermodynamics yog ib ceg ntawm physics uas kawm txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cov tshuab thiab lawv lub xeev. Peb mam li tham txog dab tsi ntxiv hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom nws kawm.
Definition
Nyob hauv daim duab hauv qab no koj tuaj yeem pom ib qho piv txwv ntawm tus ntsuas kub tau txais thaum kawm ib lub taub dej kub.
Thermodynamics yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas tso siab rau qhov tseeb dav dav uas tau txais kev pom zoo. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cov tshuab thev naus laus zis tau piav qhia siv cov macroscopic ntau. Lawv cov npe suav nrog cov tsis muaj xws li concentration, siab, kub, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis muaj feem xyuam rau ib tus neeg cov molecules, tab sis raug txo qis rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov kab ke hauv nws daim ntawv dav dav (piv txwv li cov khoom uas siv hauv electrodynamics, piv txwv li).
Thermodynamics yog ib ceg ntawm physics uas kuj muaj nws txoj cai. Lawv, zoo li lwm tus, yog cov xwm txheej. Cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm alwm yam khoom uas peb tau xaiv yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau ntawm txoj cai. Yog vim li cas lawv thiaj hais tias ceg ntawm physics no yog ib qho ntawm feem siv tau (los yog siv tau zoo) hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Daim ntawv thov
Cov npe piv txwv tuaj yeem ntev heev. Piv txwv li, ntau cov kev daws teeb meem raws li cov kev cai thermodynamic tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thermal engineering lossis kev lag luam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Needless hais txog cov lus piav qhia thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, theem kev hloov pauv, hloov phenomena. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, thermodynamics "kev koom tes" nrog quantum dynamics. Qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov kev sib cuag yog qhov piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov dub.
Laws
Daim duab saum toj no qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem thermodynamic - convection. Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg sawv, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.
Ib lub npe rau cov kev cai lij choj, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, yog siv ntau dua li tsis, yog qhov pib ntawm thermodynamics. Txog hnub tim, muaj peb ntawm lawv (ntxiv rau ib qho "zero", lossis "general"). Tab sis ua ntej tham txog dab tsi ntawm txhua txoj cai txhais tau hais tias, cia peb sim teb cov lus nug ntawm seb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm thermodynamics yog dab tsi.
Lawv yog cov txheej txheem ntawm qee qhov postulates uas tsim lub hauv paus rau kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv macrosystems. Cov kev cai ntawm cov ntsiab cai ntawm thermodynamics tau tsim empirically raws li tag nrho cov kev sim thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua tiav. Yog li, muaj qee qhov pov thawjtso cai rau peb txais yuav cov postulates yam tsis muaj ib qho tsis ntseeg txog lawv qhov tseeb.
Qee tus neeg xav tias yog vim li cas cov thermodynamics xav tau cov cai no. Zoo, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau siv lawv yog vim qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv seem ntawm physics, macroscopic parameters tau piav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, tsis muaj ib tug hint ntawm kev xav txog lawv cov microscopic xwm los yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib txoj kev npaj. Qhov no tsis yog thaj tsam ntawm thermodynamics, tab sis ntawm statistical physics, kom paub meej ntxiv. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm thermodynamics yog ywj siab ntawm ib leeg. Ntawd yog, ib qho thib ob yuav tsis ua haujlwm.
Daim ntawv thov
Kev siv cov thermodynamics, raws li tau hais ua ntej, mus rau ntau qhov kev qhia. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho ntawm nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus raug coj los ua lub hauv paus, uas tau txhais txawv ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob. Thermodynamic kev daws teeb meem thiab postulates tau ua tiav hauv kev lag luam xws li kev lag luam hluav taws xob, biomedicine, thiab chemistry. Ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub zog lom, txoj cai ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab txoj cai ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab kev coj ntawm cov txheej txheem thermodynamic tau dav siv. Nrog rau qhov no, peb lub tswv yim feem ntau yog siv nyob rau ntawd, uas tag nrho cov hauj lwm thiab nws cov lus piav qhia yog raws li. Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem thermodynamic, txheej txheem thiab txheej txheem theem.
txheej txheem
Cov txheej txheem hauv thermodynamics muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj. Muaj xya ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum to taub raws li tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub xeev macroscopic, nyob rau hauvuas qhov system tau muab ua ntej. Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias qhov sib txawv ntawm lub xeev thawj zaug thiab qhov kawg tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav.
Yog qhov sib txawv me me infinite, ces peb tuaj yeem hu rau cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim hauv theem pib. Yog tias peb tham txog cov txheej txheem, peb yuav tau mus rau qhov hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntxiv. Ib ntawm lawv yog "lub cev ua haujlwm". Cov kua dej ua haujlwm yog ib qho system uas ib lossis ob peb txheej txheem thermal tshwm sim.
Cov txheej txheem tau muab faib ua qhov tsis sib npaug thiab sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tom kawg, tag nrho cov xeev los ntawm qhov uas lub thermodynamic system yuav tsum tau dhau mus, raws li, tsis muaj kev sib npaug. Feem ntau, kev hloov pauv hauv xeev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no ntawm kev nrawm nrawm. Tab sis cov txheej txheem equilibrium yog ze rau quasi-static sawv daws yuav. Hauv lawv, kev hloov pauv yog qhov kev txiav txim siab qeeb dua.
Cov txheej txheem cua sov tshwm sim hauv cov tshuab thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si thim rov qab thiab hloov tsis tau. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, cia peb faib cov kab ke ntawm kev ua rau qee lub sijhawm hauv peb qhov kev sawv cev. Yog tias peb tuaj yeem ua tib yam txheej txheem rov qab nrog tib "txoj kev chaw nres tsheb", ces nws tuaj yeem hu ua thim rov qab. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm.
