Formic aldehyde, lossis formaldehyde, yog cov roj tsis muaj xim nrog lub ntsej muag ntse, tsis kaj siab, tshwj xeeb tsw. Nws yog heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab kuj nyob rau hauv alcohols. Formaldehyde yog tshuaj lom heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws raug suav hais tias yog carcinogen.
Formaldehyde yog thawj tus tswv cuab ntawm tag nrho homologous series, uas suav nrog aliphatic formic aldehyde. Formic acid kuj nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm pawg no.
tshuaj muaj zog
Formaldehyde tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm homologous series ntawm aliphatic aldehydes. suav nrog nucleophiles. Nws kuj khi rau txo cov reagents. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim lub fact tias formaldehyde muaj ib tug tsawg electron ceev ntawm nws cov carbon atoms. Vim cov qauv no, nws yooj yim heev nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txawm tias tsis muaj zog nucleophiles. Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv aqueous daws teeb meem formic aldehyde muaj nyob rau hauv hydratedcondition.
Daim ntawv txais nyiaj
Cov tshuaj no muaj cov qauv yooj yim. Formic aldehyde hauv tshuaj lom neeg zoo li no: HCHO. Txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb rau nws cov khoom yog oxidation ntawm methanol. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ua los ntawm kev siv nyiaj catalyst. Qhov ntsuas kub yuav tsum yog 650 degrees. Methanol oxidation tshwm sim ntawm atmospheric siab.
Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis no tau siv txhua qhov chaw ntev heev. Nws raug cob qhia zoo. Kwv yees li 80% ntawm formaldehyde yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative ntawm methanol. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog tib txoj kev. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo dua qub tau raug tsim los tsis ntev los no. Nws yog raws li kev siv hlau-molybdenum catalysts. Hauv qhov no, qhov ntsuas kub yuav tsum tau txo mus rau 300 degrees, uas yog yuav luag ib nrab li ntau.
Lwm txoj kev lag luam tseem paub - oxidation ntawm methane. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj cov qauv yooj yim: formic aldehyde tau txais ntawm lub siab ntawm 1-2 MPa ntawm qhov kub ntawm 450 degrees. Aluminium phosphate yog siv los ua catalyst.
Daim ntawv thov
Methanediol yog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm formaldehyde uas ua rau cov protein denaturation. Qhov zoo no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv cov tshuaj no ua tus neeg sawv cev tanning hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawv. Nws kuj pom dav daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab. Vim nws muaj zog tannic zog, formaldehyde yog hu ua antiseptic. Nws yog dav siv hauv tshuaj. Ntawm nwsLub hauv paus tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob xws li "Formagel" thiab "Formidron". Tau ntev heev, formic aldehyde tau siv nyob rau hauv biology los khaws biomaterials, piv txwv li, lub cev los yog cov tsiaj tuag.
Tam sim no, tau txais formic aldehyde yog qhov zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntoo thiab, tau kawg, kev lag luam rooj tog. Nws yog siv los tsim cov melamine urea-formaldehyde resins. Lawv yog siv los tsim cov chipboard, plywood thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev.
Thaum khaws cia formic aldehyde, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum kub qis dua 10 degrees, cov tshuaj yuav pos huab thiab ib qho dawb precipitate tshwm. Formaldehyde kuj cuam tshuam nrog oxygen. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov saw saw txuas ntxiv tau tsim vim yog degenerate branching.
Toxic properties
Yog li, formaldehyde yog tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm methanol thiab methane. Undoubtedly, nws muaj ib tug ncaj high degree ntawm toxicity. Formic aldehyde feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv caj ces. Lub cev xeeb tub kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov khoom no. Tab sis, tau kawg, kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab mob ua pa, daim tawv nqaij thiab cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag feem ntau tau sau tseg.
Formaldehyde kuj txaus ntshai vim tias nws muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub hauv paus paj hlwb.
Formic aldehyde tsis yog tshuaj lom - 60-90 ml ntawm cov tshuaj (nyob ntawm lub cev hnyav) noj yuav ua rau tuag taus. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom yog raws li nram no:
- kev tawg dav dav;
- daim tawv nqaij;
- tsis nco qab;
- CNS kev nyuaj siab;
- ua tsis taus pa;
- mob taub hau;
- convulsions, tshwj xeeb yog hmo ntuj.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm formic aldehyde ntawm tib neeg lub cev
Kev siv cov formic aldehyde hauv kev tsim khoom feem ntau ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev lom neeg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab. Nrog rau qhov ua rau muaj qhov nqus tau zoo, uas yog, thaum nqus tau cov khoom, conjunctivitis thiab ib qho mob bronchitis tau pom, uas qee zaum ua rau pulmonary edema. Cov tsos mob nrog rau lub sij hawm raug rau formaldehyde yuav tsuas nce. Tom qab ib lub sij hawm luv luv, cov cim ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb yuav tshwm sim. Qhov no yuav qhia nyob rau hauv tas li kiv taub hau, yuav muaj kev ntshai, lub gait yuav tshee, thiab hmo ntuj tus neeg yuav txawm convulsions.
Yog hais tias muaj tshuaj lom los ntawm lub qhov ncauj, ces thawj cov tsos mob yuav yog ib tug burning ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub digestive ib ntsuj av. Nws yuav manifest nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mob, kub hnyiab nyob rau hauv lub caj pas thiab nyob rau hauv txoj hlab pas. Ib tug neeg xav tias ntuav muaj zog, lub plab tsis kam lees yuav muaj ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, laryngeal edema tsim thiab reflex ua pa nres tshwm sim.
Nyob rau hauv mob lom ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, ib tug neeg muaj qhov hnyav hnyav, ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, pom kev, insomnia thiab mob taub hau.
Formaldehyde vapor lom
Formic aldehyde feem ntau pom nyob hauv huab cua. Cov neeg ua haujlwmcov tuam txhab koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntsig txog kev tsim cov khoom siv dag zog, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tas li thiab ntev kev sib cuag nrog formaldehyde vapors, tshuaj lom yog ua tau. Feem ntau, twb nyob rau thawj hnub ua hauj lwm, ib tug neeg muaj cov tsos mob dermatitis ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab tes. Lub xub ntiag ntawm formaldehyde nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub deterioration ntawm tus mob ntawm cov rau tes - lawv soften thiab ua brittle.
kab mob eczema thiab dermatitis tuaj yeem ua xua. Tom qab ib tug neeg tau raug tshuaj lom, nws tsim muaj zog rhiab heev rau formic aldehyde. Muaj pov thawj tias formaldehyde cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.
Kev siv cov formaldehyde hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce
Formaldehyde cov ntsiab lus tau tso cai ua cov khoom khaws cia hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, tab sis nws cov concentration yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.1%. Formic aldehyde tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, lub cev, lub ntsej muag thiab tes cream.
Kuj nyob rau hauv kws tshuaj, qee yam khoom uas tiv thaiv tawm hws ntau dhau tuaj yeem muaj formaldehyde. Nws tso cai concentration - 0,5%. Cov tshuaj no yog ib tug zoo antiseptic, txawm nyob rau hauv xws li me me nws muaj peev xwm ua kom puas microorganisms. Nws yog txwv tsis pub siv cov tshuaj pleev rau lub ntsej muag yog tias nws muaj 5% formaldehyde. Qhov no yog fraught nrog cov tsos ntawm dermatitis thiab tsis haum tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, formic aldehyde tsis yog siv los khaws cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog tias lawv muag li aerosols thiab tshuaj tsuag.
Txhua tusCov khoom lag luam ntawm lawv daim ntawv lo yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom phom sij no, txawm tias nws cov nyiaj yog 0.05%. Qhov tseeb, txog niaj hnub no nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias cov tshuaj formaldehyde cuam tshuam li cas rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis nws paub tias hauv cov tsiaj nws hloov liab thiab flaky.
Carcinogenicity ntawm formic aldehyde
Nws paub tias formaldehyde cuam tshuam nrog selenium nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov ntsiab lus sulfuric acid. Yog li ntawd, sulfoether-4-tetradecyldioxane yog tsim. Cov tshuaj no nrog lub npe nyuaj, tom qab kho nrog barium hydroxide, dhau los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo heev. Nws yuav zoo li, dab tsi yog qhov txaus ntshai? Tab sis formaldehyde muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj uas muaj carcinogenic zog. Txawm hais tias qib ntawm nws qhov kev phom sij tseem tsis tau tsim, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej qhov tseeb tias formic aldehyde yog qhov ua rau cov tsiaj tuag. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai los ntawm ntau lub chaw tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb, kev sib txuas ntawm kev siv formaldehyde hauv kev tsim cov xim, resins, textiles, plastics thiab tshwm sim ntawm oncological neoplasms hauv tib neeg tau raug pov thawj. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim mob qog noj ntshav nasopharyngeal tshwj xeeb yog siab.
