Txhawm rau kom yooj yim sau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg thiab lawv qhov kev nkag siab zoo dua, siv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj nrog ib leeg thiab, vim li ntawd, tsim cov khoom tshiab. Nrog xws li ib tug schematic "duab", thiaj li yuav ua tau raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm cov loj ntawm cov teeb meem, cov zauv coefficients yog siv. Xws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv cov lej thiab cov cim tau npaj rau xyoo 1615 los ntawm Jean Begun. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj cai ntawm stoichiometry, qhov ntau npaum li cas tau pib siv.
Kev sib npaug tshuaj lom neeg yog sau raws li hauv qab no:
- Nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub schematic "duab" muaj cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tshwm sim, ib qho "+" kos npe rau ntawm lawv. Nyob rau sab laug yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom, i.e. cov tebchaw tshiab uas raug tsim. Ib tug xub muab tso rau ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis, qhia txog cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, C + E → SE.
- Tom qab ntawd cov coefficients tau muab tso rau, txoj haujlwm uas yog "sib npaug", piv txwv li. xyuas kom tseeb tias tus naj npawb ntawm txhua hom atom ua ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sib npaug ntawm cov atoms tom qab nws. Qhov no yog li cas txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm huab hwm coj ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, 2HCl – H2+Cl2.
Nws muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kinetic uas qhia txog kev vam khom ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam. Ib qho yooj yim xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv, mus rau ib theem, yog schematically sau raws li nram no: V=k[A1] n1 [A 2]n2 where
V – cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
[A1], [A2] - tshuaj concentration;
K yog tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv tas li, uas nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom sib cuam tshuam thiab qhov kub thiab txias;
1, n2 - kev txiav txim.Yog hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau ntau theem, ces lawv tsim ib qhov system ntawm kinetic sib npaug, txhua tus yuav piav qhia nyias.
Tsis tas li, ib hom cais yog qhov sib npaug ionic ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas, thaum muab tso ua ke, muaj cov yam ntxwv, vim Cov tshuaj sau tseg hauv nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions. Xws li ib tug schematic sawv cev ntawm ib tug tshuaj sib cuam tshuam yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsuas yog rau kev hloov pauv thiab kev sib pauv tshuaj, nyob rau hauv aqueous tov los yog alloys, thaum lub sij hawm lub precipitate yog tsim, tsis zoo dissociating tshuaj (dej) los yog gas yog tso tawm. Piv txwv li: hydrochloric acid thiab poov tshuaj hydroxide react chemically tsim ntsev thiab dej.
HCl + KOH– KCl + H2O
Peb sau cov tshuaj no ua cov ions, tshwj tsis yog dej, vim. nws tsis dissociate. Xws li ib qho kev sib npaugCov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav raug hu ua tiav ionic.
H+ + Cl- + C++ OH - -K++Cl-+H2O
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim no, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov zoo sib xws, peb "txo" cov ions rov ua dua ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug thiab tau txais:
N+ + OH- - N2O.
Tsis tas li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv oxidation xeev ntawm atoms, yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv schematic. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab cov atoms uas tau hloov oxidation lub xeev, thiab kos ib qho hluav taws xob tshuav nyiaj li cas, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas ces teem lub coefficients.
Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib npaug yog cov ntaub ntawv schematic ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab los ntawm kev decomposition, ua ke, hloov pauv thiab pauv. Nws kuj muab cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab muaj nuj nqis txog cov tshuaj reactants thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
