Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm German adjective zoo li nyuaj heev. Cov neeg uas kawm lus Askiv raug kev txom nyem tshwj xeeb: nyob rau hauv nws, raws li koj paub, adjectives tsis tau tsis kam kiag li. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb piv German nrog Lavxias, ces nws hloov tawm tias txhua yam tsis txaus ntshai.
Hauv Lavxias, adjective declension yog ua raws li peb hom tseem ceeb, thiab thawj zaug muaj peb ntau hom: tawv, mos thiab sib xyaw declension. Cov tom kawg muaj peb hom ntxiv nyob ntawm tus lej kawg hauv lub hauv paus.
Kev paub koj tus kheej nrog cov cai ntawm cov lus Lavxias pab cov neeg kawm lus feem ntau nkag siab txog German adjective declension sai dua thiab yooj yim dua. Tom qab cov neeg paub zoo li no, cov lus German zoo li yooj yim dua thiab nkag siab ntau dua, thiab txawm tias muaj kev khuv leej tshwm sim rau cov neeg uas raug yuam kom kawm cov lus Lavxias " txaus ntshai" no.
Muaj ib qho tseem ceeb sib txawv: yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab declension ntawm adjectives nyob ntawm lo lus nws tus kheej (ntawm nws poj niam txiv neej, tus naj npawb thiab rooj plaub), ces nyob rau hauv German, ntxiv rau qhov no, nws kuj nyob ntawm cov kab lus, uas. Raws li koj paub, muaj analogues nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab no.
Kev tsis lees paub ntawm German adjective tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom:
- Tsis muaj - nws yeej yog"tsis muaj zog", daim ntawv ntawm adjective yuav luag tsis hloov. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no yog siv tom qab kab lus tseeb - kab lus feem ntau hloov pauv.
- Muaj zog declension - tom qab cov lus tsis muaj tseeb thiab cov lus txhais lub ntsiab lus "tsis paub tseeb".
- Mixed declension - yog tsab xov xwm ploj lawm.
Ntawm no peb saib qhov tsis muaj zog declension ntawm adjectives
Nws txoj cai yooj yim heev. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom hauv lub rooj, feem ntau adjectives xaus rau hauv -en, tus so xaus hauv -e. Hom declension no tsuas yog siv rau cov npe uas siv tom qab:
- Cov lus tseeb (der, die, das).
- Tom qab cov lus uas zoo ib yam li cov lus tseeb: diser (qhov no), jener (thaum), jeder (txhua tus), welcher (dab tsi), solcher (xws li), mancher (lwm), derselbe (tib yam), derjenige (ib yam). Tau kawg, cov lus qhia no kuj hloov los ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Ntawm no lawv muab tag nrho rau txiv neej poj niam.
Thaum koj kawm cov ntaub ntawv no, pom tias qhov kawg ntawm cov lus tseeb thiab cov npe hloov pauv li cas. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, declension ntawm adjectives yog qhov yooj yim kom nco qab. Lwm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kab "Plural". Hauv tus lej no, cov npe uas tuaj tom qab cov lus hauv qab no raug tsis lees paub raws li hom tsis muaj zog:
- Cov lus tseeb (der, die, das).
- Tswv lus tib yam li saum toj no thiab qee qhov lwm tus. Tau kawg, cov lus tshaj tawm no yuav muaj lwm yam: tuag (cov no), jede (cov), welche (dab tsi), alle (txhua),beide (ob leeg), solche (xws li), manche (qee), dieselben (zoo ib yam), diejenigen (tib yam), sämtliche (tag nrho).
- Thiab kuj (ua tib zoo mloog!) tom qab lub npe kein thiab xws li mein (mine), unser (peb), thiab lwm yam khoom muaj npe. Ntawm no yog ib lo lus nug ntuj tshwm sim: yuav ua li cas yog adjectives nyob rau hauv lub singular poob tom qab xws pronouns? Piv txwv li, dab tsi yuav yog meine schöne Frau (kuv tus poj niam zoo nkauj) hauv rooj plaub? Peb teb: nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv siv, saib lub rooj sib xyaw declension, vim hais tias tom qab no pronouns adjectives nyob rau hauv units. cov lej yog inclined precisely raws li hom sib xyaw.
| m. poj niam txiv neej | f. poj niam txiv neej | cf. poj niam txiv neej |
Plural num |
|
| N | Der alt e Mann | Die schön e Frau | Das neu e Haus | Die breit en Fenster |
| G | Des alt enmann es | Der schön en Frau | Des neu en Hauses | Der breit en Fenster |
| D | Dem alt enmann | Der schön en Frau | Dem neu en Haus | Den breit en Fenster |
| A | Den alt enmann | Die schön e Frau | Das neu e Haus | Die breit en Fenster |
Tom qab ntawd, hauv phau ntawv siv Germanlus saib lwm lub rooj:
- Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj ib tsab xov xwm (muaj zog declension).
- Table of adjective declension in the singular after the indefinite article (mixed declension).
- Nws tseem tsim nyog saib qhov ntau tshaj plaws declension ntawm adjectives cais, txawm hais tias nws tseem tuaj yeem xa mus rau ob hom uas twb tau hais ua ntej lawm: qaug zog thiab muaj zog. Tom qab lub indefinite (tsis muaj zog declension - peb twb muab nws nyob rau hauv lub rooj) thiab cov lus tseeb (muaj zog declension).
- Kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov lus qhia tsis tseeb.
Thov nco ntsoov tias muaj cov qauv hauv cov ntsiab lus declensions: qhov chaw, ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, yuav tsum muaj qhov xaus ntawm cov lus tseeb. Nyob rau hauv cov lus saum toj no, adjectives twb muaj ib tsab xov xwm meej nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, adjectives tsis xav tau lawv qhov kawg, uas yog vim li cas cov cai rau cov tsis muaj zog declension yog li yooj yim. Thiab vice versa, nrog ib tug muaj zog declension, thaum tsis muaj ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua ntej adjectives, qhov xaus ntawm adjectives hloov zoo li qhov xaus ntawm ib tsab xov xwm meej.
Thiab qee cov lus qhia yuav ua li cas kom nco qab cov rooj qhuav no:
- Kawm paub qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus tseeb hauv kev nthuav dav.
- Nyeem kab lus no thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntxhuav hauv phau ntawv qhia ua tib zoo ib zaug thiab ua qhov kev xeem - muaj ntau txaus hauv Is Taws Nem. Tom qab koj ua lossis tsis ua tiav cov dej num rau kev nrhiav qhov tseeb daim ntawv ntawm adjective, koj yuav xav tias yuav tsum nco ntsoov tag nrho cov no, thiab koj tseem yuavpaub qhov twg los kawm adjective declensions kom zoo zoo dua. Qhov zais cia ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm zoo yog: thawj qhov teeb meem, tom qab ntawd qhov kev daws teeb meem. Tsis vice versa.
- Tau cov ntawv kos duab ua lus German. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub ncauj lus txaus siab rau koj nrog kev txhais lus sib luag. Sim sau tag nrho cov lus tsis txaus siab koj tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd muab piv nrog cov ntawv siv. Qhov no yuav siv sijhawm ntev, tab sis tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsis tas yuav saib phau ntawv siv ntxiv kom paub seb qhov no lossis cov npe ntawd raug tsis lees paub li cas.
