Kev tsim khoom tawg - ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas siv cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tseem muaj kev faib ua haujlwm.
Ua ntej tsim
Txoj kev tsim khoom lag luam tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev los npaj cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua, xav txog tag nrho lwm tus. Feem ntau, cov chaw tsim khoom lawv tus kheej tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab av loj European thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 16th. Thaum pib, lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog-xeev ntawm Ltalis. Tom qab me ntsis hauv ntau lub tebchaws - England, Fabkis, Holland.
Thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb tau tshwm sim hauv Florence. Lawv tau koom nrog kev tsim cov ntaub thiab ntaub plaub. Chompies ua hauj lwm rau lawv - tshwj xeeb wool combers uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub fabrics thaum lub sij hawm ntawd. Shipyards tau tshwm sim hauv Genoa thiab Venice. Tab sis hauv Lombardy thiab Tuscany, nyiaj thiab tooj liab mining mines tsim.
Ib qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab lwm cov lag luam zoo sib xws yog tias lawv raug zam tag nrho los ntawm cov cai hauv khw thiab ib qhotxwv.
Hauv tebchaws Russia, thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom yog Moscow Cannon Yard, uas tshwm sim tsis pub dhau 1525. Nws ua haujlwm ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb - kws ua hlau, casters, kws ntoo, solderers. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Armory tau teeb tsa. Enamel thiab khaub ncaws ntau lawm, nyiaj thiab kub chasing twb concentrated nyob rau hauv nws. Qhov thib peb ntawm Lavxias teb sab manufactory yog lub Khamovny Dvor, qhov twg linen yog woven, thiab lub thib plaub yog lub Mint.
Manufactories tshwm sim li cas?
Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj uas ua rau qhib cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Russia. Ua ntej, qhov no yog ib lub koom haum loj nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev ntawm ib tug rhiav ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm artisans ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom hauv ib qho chaw.
Thib ob, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tau yooj yim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kws txawj ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv ib qho kev cob qhia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua.
Txoj kev tsim khoom lag luam
Muaj ntau ntau hom qauv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog tawg ua lag luam. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, thaum tus tswv ntawm peev (feem ntau nws yog ib tug tub lag luam loj-ua lag luam) muab cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev ua ntu zus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm me me hauv zos (lawv feem ntau hu ua cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev).
Piv txwv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tawgfeem ntau pom nyob rau hauv kev lag luam textile. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas txwv tsis pub khw muag khoom. Raws li txoj cai, lub zos cov neeg pluag, uas nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co cuab yeej, mus rau lub chaw tsim khoom tawg, lub ntsiab lus uas koj twb paub lawm. Nws tuaj yeem yog ib lub tsev, ib daim av me me. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm muab tau rau lawv tsev neeg lawv tus kheej, yog li ntawd lawv raug yuam kom nrhiav nyiaj tau los ntxiv.
Nrog cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam no, tus neeg ua haujlwm tau txais cov khoom siv raw, xws li ntaub plaub. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau ua tiav rau hauv cov xov paj, uas tau muab los ntawm nws los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, xa mus rau lwm tus kws tshaj lij rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv. Nws twb hloov cov xov paj rau hauv daim ntaub.
Centralized Manufactory
Nov yog lwm txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev tsim khoom hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Hauv lub chaw tsim khoom nruab nrab, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua cov khoom siv raw ua ke, thaum nyob hauv tib chav.
Hom kev tsim khoom no yog dav tshaj plaws hauv cov ceg ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam uas cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis koom nrog kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm (los ntawm ntau kaum mus rau ob peb puas tus neeg). Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov mining, printing, metallurgical, ntawv industries, zus tau tej cov qab zib, porcelain thiab earthenware.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tub lag luam nplua nuj thiab qee cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tau los ua tus tswv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Raws li txoj cai, loj manufactories ntawm hom no tau tsim nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub xeev. Qhov no yog li cas txoj haujlwm tau teeb tsaFrance.
mixed manufactory
Tseem muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim khoom sib xyaw. Nrog rau hom kev tsim khoom no, cov khoom ntawm tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm ib tus kws txawj ua haujlwm, thiab kev sib dhos twb tau ua nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus tswv. Hom no yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom complex. Piv txwv li, teev.
Kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsim khoom
Yuav kom sib piv cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam thiab cov chaw nruab nrab, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub txog lawv cov yam ntxwv. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov voj voog ntau lawm. Cov kab hauv qab yog tias tag nrho cov haujlwm thiab theem ntawm kev tsim khoom tau ua nyob rau hauv ib chav uas muaj los ntawm cov peev txheej uas muab cov haujlwm rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab yog qhov nyuaj kom haum rau hauv lub rooj, vim muaj ntau tus ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, peb txuas ntxiv xav txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws xwb. Nrog rau ib hom kev tsim tawm, cov khoom, mus rau ntau dua, yog tsim tawm sab nraum lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej. Cov haujlwm tsuas yog muab rau cov neeg txawj ntse, txhua tus ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv ntau lub zos. Ntawm lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej, tsuas yog qhov kawg creation ntawm cov khoom yog nqa tawm. Hom no tsis xav tau qhov chaw loj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tab sis ntawm no, ceev faj tswj hwm tib neeg thiab cov dej num uas lawv ua yog tsim nyog. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm tawg thiab centralized tsim.
Nrog lub tebchaws nyob hauveconomic development
Cov chaw tsim khoom tau siv dav hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb pom thaj chaw zoo. Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho kev lag luam hnyav tau pom nyob hauv cov tebchaws uas tau koom ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem no.
Nws tag nrho pib thaum xyoo 1492, thaum tus neeg tsav nkoj Spanish Christopher Columbus pom lub teb chaws tshiab - Amelikas. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tom ntej no tau ua nyob rau hauv 1598 los ntawm Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama. Nws tau taug txoj kev tsis paub dhau los ntawm Tebchaws Europe mus rau Is Nrias teb. Thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Ferdinand Magellan tau ua thawj zaug mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb.
Tom qab tag nrho cov xwm txheej no, kev lag luam European tuaj yeem raug hu ua kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Portugal thiab Spain, uas nws cov navigators yog thawj zaug ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw nrhiav pom, tau hloov mus ua lub zog loj hauv tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev lag luam ntawm Arabs, Venetians thiab cov Turks, uas yav dhau los ua lag luam ua lag luam rau kev lag luam nrog lwm lub teb chaws, poob rau hauv kev poob qis.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, qhov chaw lag luam ntawm European av loj tau tsiv mus rau Holland, tom qab ntawd mus rau Askiv, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas kev lag luam tsim los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb, tshiab loj kev lag luam tau tsim.
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog kev hloov chaw ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom mus rau Tebchaws Asmeskas. Cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau pib nquag tsim cov mines kub thiab nyiaj, qab zib thiab cog qoob loo. Cov qhev African tau pib coj los rau Asmeskas, leej twgmuab qhov kawg tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, Netherlands thiab England tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov no. Hais txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, cov teb chaws no sai dhau Spain thiab Portugal, uas yav tas los tau ua thawj zaug. Cov xeev ntawm Iberian ceg av qab teb, nyob rau hauv ntau yam, lagged qab kuj vim hais tias feudal kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv zej zog tau khaws cia muaj.
Chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia
Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov chaw tsim khoom pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Peter I. Los ntawm hom, lawv tau muab faib ua patrimonial, tub lag luam, xeev, neeg pluag. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos, tus huab tais tshiab rebuilt kev lag luam los ntawm me me peasant thiab handicraft ua liaj ua teb rau manufactories. Lub sijhawm no, txog li ob puas lub chaw tsim khoom tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv peb lub tebchaws. Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, tau kawg, muaj peev txheej, tab sis feem ntau yog siv lub zog ntawm involuntary peasants, uas ua rau nws ib tug serf enterprise.
