Mamai tshuav qhov cim tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm: nws nyob hauv qab nws qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Kulikovo tau tshwm sim. Nws yog ib tug tsis meej pem, tab sis influential cwm pwm ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Xav txog seb Mamai yog leej twg, nws ua dab tsi rau nws lub teb chaws, nws nto moo rau.
Keeb Kwm
Mamai yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 1335. Nws tuaj ntawm Kiyat xeem (ib pawg neeg Turkic thaum ub, nws tus sawv cev yog Genghis Khan nws tus kheej). Mamai sib yuav zoo heev, coj Tulunbek, tus ntxhais ntawm Muhammad Berdibek (tus thawj thib yim ntawm Horde), ua nws tus poj niam.
Berdibek tuag hauv 1359. Qhov no xaus txoj kev kav ntawm Batuid dynasty. Mamai pib lub sijhawm hu ua "Great Jam", uas yuav luag txog thaum nws tuag. Nws sim kho lub dynasty, tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm xeem khas. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li txoj cai ntawm Golden Horde, lawv yog neeg dag.
qeb thiab txoj haujlwm
Teb cov lus nug ntawm leej twg Mamai, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej nws qib thiab txoj haujlwm. Nws kav cov tub rog ntawm Golden Horde los ntawm 1361 txog 1380, yog ib tug thawj coj tub rog. Cov Russians hu nws temnik. Qhov no yog cov tub rog qib ntawm ib tug neeg uas coj cov pab pawg coob ntawm nws cov tub rog (txog 10 txhiab tus neeg). Nws tsis muaj lub npe ntawm Khan, vim nws tsis koom nrog Genghisid tsev neeg. Nws kuj yog ib tug beklarbek -Tus tswv xeev ntawm Golden Horde State Administration.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej ua ntej Tsov Rog ntawm Kulikovo thiab txoj cai ntawm Mamaia
Thaum Berdibek, Tulunbek txiv, raug tua los ntawm Khan Kulp, Mamai tshaj tawm ua rog rau nws thiab, raws li tau hais lawm, lub sijhawm ntawm "Great Memory" pib. Rau 11 xyoo tag nrho txij li xyoo 1359, Mamai tau tawm tsam ntau li cuaj Khans, uas tawm tsam qhov tseeb tias nws muab Khan Abdullah rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm White Horde. Nyob rau hauv 1366, Mamai tau kov yeej qee thaj av nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm cov khoom muaj ntawm Golden Horde (ze ntawm Crimea) thiab pib kav muaj. Qhov no ua rau tsoomfwv tsis muaj zog. Ib ntus, nws txawm kav lub peev - Tshiab Sarai (thaum nws tswj kom yeej nws rov qab).
Cov xeev sab hnub tuaj tsis txhawb Mamai, yog li nws feem ntau tig mus rau European lub xeev rau kev txhawb nqa (feem ntau yog rau Lithuanian, Genoa thiab Venice). Mamai txoj kev kav tsis meej heev. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm paub tias thaum xub thawj nws txhawb nqa Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm, txawm tias xaus lus pom zoo nrog Metropolitan Alexy, uas, ib tus yuav hais tias, kav Moscow thaum Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry tseem me. Rau Russia, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog Mamai txo cov se se rau cov neeg Lavxias.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Mikhailo Alansky nrog tus tub huabtais me nws tus kheej tau nug tus temnik (nco, yog li Mamai hu ua Russia) muab daim ntawv lo rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Dmitry Donskoy. Alani ua ntau yam khoom plig rau Temnik, thiab nws pom zoo. Yog li, Dmitry Donskoy, tus tub huabtais, tau los ua tus nyob ntawm Mamai (Mamaev Horde, ntau preclaimed, lub xeev tus kheej tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub Golden Horde), thiab tsis nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv uas kav Sarai. Xya xyoo tom qabMamai muab daim ntawv lo rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm tus huab tais, thiab muab rau Mikhail ntawm Tverskoy. Tab sis twb tau loj hlob nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry tau tswj hwm kom rov qab tau daim ntawv no ib xyoos tom qab. Nws tau muab rau nws los ntawm Khan Muhammad Bulak, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub zwm txwv los ntawm Mamai.
Tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev tawm tsam nrog Tokhtamysh (khawm raug cai ntawm Horde). Nws yog ib tug Chingizid thiab los ntawm 1377 sim los ua ib tug tag nrho-fledged kav. Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tshem Mamai. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws thiab nws cov tub rog tau txeeb lub temnik lub npe. Los ntawm 1380, Tokhtamysh tau xa rov qab nws cov av, thiab tsuas yog sab qaum teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Crimea tseem nyob rau Mamai. Tokhtamysh yeej thiab tsim kom muaj kev cai lij choj lub hwj chim, thiab "Great Zamyatnya" xaus. Nws yog yuav luag tib lub sijhawm raws li Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kulikovo, uas peb yuav tham hauv qab no.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo
Yuav kom paub tias Mamai yog leej twg, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias nws ua lub luag haujlwm li cas hauv kev sib tw ntawm Kulikovo teb. Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no yog nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Mamai thiab Dmitry Donskoy. Muaj ntau ntau yam uas ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua no.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Mamaev Horde thiab Moscow ua phem thaum lub temnik tshem daim ntawv lo mus rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Moscow los ntawm Donskoy, uas twb tau muab rau nws. Rau qhov no, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry nres them se. Temnik txiav txim siab xa nws cov ambassadors, tab sis lawv tag nrho raug tua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus huab tais, uas muaj ntau tus neeg txhawb nqa. Tom qab ntawd, muaj kev sib tsoo me me ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis Mamai nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau tawm tsam. Txog tam sim no, tsuas yog Arapsha (Khan ntawm Blue Horde ua haujlwm hauv Mamai) tau rhuav tshem qee qhov tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias.
Xyoo 1378, Temnik xa nws cov tub rog mus nrog Dmitry,tiam sis Horde twb swb lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Mamai pib poob ib feem ntawm nws thaj chaw, raws li Tokhtamysh thiab nws cov neeg tawm tsam nws los ntawm lwm sab. Xyoo 1380, kev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua pib. Cov tub rog Moscow, coj los ntawm Dmitry, tau mus rau lub taub hau mus rau Don los ntawm Kolomna. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb tau coj los ntawm Donskoy nws tus kheej, lub thib ob tub rog tau txib los ntawm Vladimir lub siab tawv, thiab thib peb los ntawm Gleb Bryansky. Ntau lub nroog Lavxias kuj tau txhawb nqa tub rog zoo rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry, xa lawv cov tub rog los pab.
Nws kuj nthuav kom nco ntsoov cov tub rog. Ntau qhov chaw hais txog cov tub rog Lavxias los ntawm 40 txhiab txog 400 txhiab. Tab sis ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias cov lej no yog exaggerated thiab cov tub rog tsis tshaj 60 txhiab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm Mamai, muaj los ntawm 100 mus rau 150 txhiab.
Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kulikovo tau tshwm sim rau lub Cuaj Hlis 8, 1380 ntawm ntug dej ntawm Don ntawm Kulikovo Field. Nws paub tias cov neeg Lavxias tau nce qib nrog cov chij uas qhia txog Yexus Khetos. Ua ntej, muaj kev sib tsoo me me ntawm cov tub rog siab, uas cov Tatar-Mongol Chelubey thiab Lavxias tus yawg Peresvet raug tua.
Txij li thaum Mamai cov tub rog tshaj tawm ntawm Donskoy cov tub rog, cov neeg Lavxias pib muaj kev yeej tsawg. Tab sis lawv muaj ib tug tactics. Lawv tau nkaum qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub huabtais Vladimir ntawm Serpukhov thiab Dmitry Bobrok-Volynsky, uas tau pab ntau heev thaum kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li ntawd, Mamai sab pib poob. Yuav luag tag nrho cov Horde warriors raug tua. Kev sib ntaus sib tua xaus nrog lub davhlau ntawm Tatar-Mongol.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau zoo heevlub ntsiab lus. Txawm hais tias Russia tseem tseem nyob hauv qab tus quab ntawm Golden Horde, nws tau los ua ywj pheej, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv Moscow tau muaj zog heev. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, Russia thaum kawg tso nws tus kheej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Horde.
Kev tuag
Tom qab poob rau cov tub rog Lavxias thiab Khan Tokhtamysh, Mamai tau khiav mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Feodosia niaj hnub no hauv lub nroog Kafu, tab sis nws tsis raug tso cai mus rau ntawd. Mamai sim mus nkaum hauv lub nroog Solkhat (tam sim no nws yog Stary Krym), tab sis tsis muaj sij hawm mus txog qhov ntawd. Ntawm nws txoj kev, Tokhtamysh cov neeg tawm tsam nws. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tag nrho cov Mamai cov neeg txhawb nqa tau dhau mus rau sab ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm, yog li cov temnik tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg ntawm Tokhtamysh, nws raug tua. Khan faus lub cev ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus nrog tag nrho cov honors. Nws lub ntxa (mound) nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Aivazovskoye ze Feodosia (lub qub nroog ntawm Sheikh-Mamai). Pom lub ntxa ntawm peb cov neeg pleev kob muaj koob meej Aivazovsky.
Rod Mamaia
Raws li keeb kwm genealogies, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Mamai yog princes nyob rau hauv lub Principality ntawm Lithuania. Cov tsev neeg zoo ntawm Glinskys paub zoo yuav tsum tau nqis los ntawm Mansur Kiyatovich, tus tub ntawm Mamai. Piv txwv li, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Glinsky, nto moo rau nws kev tawm tsam hauv Lithuania, tom qab ntawd nws thiab nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Moscow. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Mamai yog Ruzhinsky, Vishnevetsky, Ostrogsky thiab Dashkevich tsev neeg. Cov thawj coj ntawm cov tsev neeg no muaj npe nrov hauv keeb kwm ntawm Zaporozhye raws li cov neeg uas tau ua ntau yam rau Ukraine ua tub rog.
Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb
Muaj ntau qhov tseeb tau paub txog Mamai's temnik:
- Muaj ib lo lus hais tias "Mamai dhau mus", uas txhais tau tiaskev nyuaj siab, puas. Nws kuj tseem hais txog tus neeg uas tau tso tseg txoj kev ntxhov siab. Qhov kev qhia no tau tshwm sim tom qab cov tub rog ntawm Mamai tau ua tiav lub nroog ntawm Russia.
- Ntxiv rau ntau phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab qhov chaw, lub npe ntawm temnik tau hais hauv zaj nkauj "Mamai" (tus ua yeeb yam: Ukrainian pab pawg "Vopli Vidoplyasova"). Tab sis ntawm no nws yog tsim nyog sau cia lub fact tias muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li "Cossack Mamai" - uas txhais tau hais tias lub collective duab ntawm lub hero-Cossack ntawm Ukraine. Tab sis lub npe tsis yog los ntawm lub npe ntawm temnik, tab sis los ntawm lo lus qub "mamayuvati" (mus ncig, coj txoj kev ua neej dawb). Yog li nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog qhov tsaus ntuj.
Zoo kawg
Peb paub tias Mamai yog leej twg. Qhov no yog ib tug temnik, beklyarbek thiab tub rog tus thawj coj ntawm lub Golden Horde, lub unofficial kav ntawm tus kheej-proclaimed xeev ntawm Mamayev Horde. Nws tswj kom yeej qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm ntau tus neeg Tatar-Mongolians, ua kom tau ntau yam yeej.
Nws tau nto moo rau nws txoj kev sib tw ua tiav hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws poob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua loj ntawm Kulikovo, thiab tom qab me ntsis rau Khan Tokhtamysh, uas nws tau tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim ntev.. Nws qhov kev ua yuam kev ua rau muaj kev qaug zog ntawm Golden Horde, thiab nws tus kheej tuag.
