Qhov tseem ceeb loj hauv nuclear physics

Cov txheej txheem:

Qhov tseem ceeb loj hauv nuclear physics
Qhov tseem ceeb loj hauv nuclear physics
Anonim

Me ntsis ntau tshaj li ob lub hlis dhau los txij thaum kawg ntawm kev tsov rog phem tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Thiab yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Xya Hli 16, 1945, thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tau raug sim los ntawm Asmeskas tub rog, thiab ib hlis tom qab, ntau txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Nyij Pooj tau tuag hauv atomic hell. Txij thaum ntawd los, riam phom nuclear, nrog rau kev xa lawv mus rau lub hom phiaj, tau raug txhim kho tsis tu ncua rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo.

Cov tub rog xav kom muaj ntawm lawv pov tseg ob lub mos txwv muaj zog heev, cheb tag nrho lub nroog thiab lub tebchaws tawm ntawm daim ntawv qhia nrog ib lub tshuab, thiab cov me me uas haum rau hauv lub hnab ntawv. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no yuav coj kev ua tsov rog sabotage mus rau qib uas tsis tau pom dua. Ob qho tib si nrog thawj thiab thib ob muaj kev nyuaj uas tsis tuaj yeem. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj yam ua ntej.

xov xwm kub heev

Yuav kom nkag siab tias cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm li cas thiab nkag siab qhov hu ua qhov tseem ceeb, cia peb rov qab mus rau lub rooj ib ntus. Los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm physics, peb nco ntsoov ib txoj cai yooj yim: nqi tib lub npe tawm tsam ib leeg. Nyob rau tib qhov chaw, hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, cov tub ntxhais kawm raug qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov atomic nucleus, uas muaj cov neutrons, cov khoom nruab nrab thiabzoo them protons. Tab sis qhov no ua tau li cas? Cov khoom uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob ze rau ib leeg, lub zog quab yuam yuav tsum yog colossal.

uranium tub ntxhais
uranium tub ntxhais

Kev tshawb fawb tsis paub meej txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm intranuclear rog uas tuav protons ua ke, txawm hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov rog no tau kawm zoo heev. Lub zog ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob ze heev. Tab sis nws tsim nyog tsawg me ntsis los cais cov protons nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, raws li lub zog quab yuam pib yeej, thiab cov nucleus shatters rau hauv daim. Thiab lub zog ntawm xws li expansion yog tiag tiag colossal. Nws paub tias lub zog ntawm tus txiv neej laus yuav tsis txaus los tuav cov protons ntawm ib lub nucleus ntawm cov hlau lead atom.

Rutherford ntshai dab tsi

Cov cores ntawm feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm yog qhov ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tus lej atomic nce, qhov kev ruaj ntseg no txo qis. Nws yog hais txog qhov loj ntawm cov cores. Xav txog lub nucleus ntawm uranium atom, muaj 238 nuclides, ntawm 92 yog protons. Yog lawm, protons nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg, thiab intranuclear rog ruaj khov rau tag nrho cov qauv. Tab sis lub zog quab yuam ntawm protons nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub nucleus ua pom tau.

Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford

Rutherford ua dab tsi? Nws bombarded atoms nrog neutrons (ib tug electron yuav tsis dhau los ntawm electron plhaub ntawm ib tug atom, thiab ib tug zoo charged proton yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus cuag lub nucleus vim yog repulsive rog). Ib tug neutron nkag mus rau lub nucleus ntawm lub atom ua rau nws fission. Ob qhov sib cais thiab ob lossis peb lub neutrons dawb ya sib nrug.

Fission ntawm uranium nucleus
Fission ntawm uranium nucleus

Qhov kev lwj no, vim qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cov khoom ya, tau nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog loj. Muaj lus xaiv hais tias Rutherford txawm xav zais nws qhov kev tshawb pom, ntshai ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim rau tib neeg, tab sis qhov no feem ntau yuav tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li zaj dab neeg.

Yuav ua li cas cov huab hwm coj tau ua nrog nws thiab vim li cas nws tseem ceeb

Yog li cas? Yuav ua li cas ib tug irradiate txaus radioactive hlau nrog ib tug kwj ntawm protons los tsim ib tug haib tawg? Thiab qhov tseem ceeb loj yog dab tsi? Nws yog txhua yam hais txog cov ob peb cov hluav taws xob dawb uas ya tawm ntawm "pob zeb" atomic nucleus, lawv, tig, sib tsoo nrog lwm cov nuclei, yuav ua rau lawv fission. Lub npe hu ua nuclear chain reaction yuav pib. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshaj tawm nws yuav nyuaj heev.

Kuaj qhov ntsuas. Yog hais tias peb nqa ib lub txiv apple rau ntawm peb lub rooj ua lub nucleus ntawm lub atom, ces thiaj li yuav xav txog lub nucleus ntawm ib tug nyob sib ze atom, tib lub txiv apples yuav tsum tau nqa thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj tsis txawm nyob rau hauv lwm chav tsev, tab sis… nyob rau hauv lub tsev tom ntej. Cov neutron yuav loj npaum li cov noob txiv ntoo.

Yuav kom cov emission neutrons tsis ya mus rau hauv vain sab nraum lub uranium ingot, thiab ntau tshaj 50% ntawm lawv yuav pom ib lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm atomic nuclei, lub ingot no yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog loj. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua qhov tseem ceeb loj ntawm uranium - qhov loj ntawm ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov emission neutrons tsoo nrog lwm cov nuclei.

Qhov tseeb, nws tshwm sim hauv ib qho. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov nuclei loj hlob zoo li lub avalanche, lawv cov tawg tawg maj nrawm rau txhua qhov kev qhia nrog nrawm piv rauqhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, ripping qhib cua, dej, lwm yam nruab nrab. Los ntawm lawv cov kev sib tsoo nrog ib puag ncig molecules, thaj tsam ntawm qhov tawg tam sim ntawd heats mus txog ntau lab degrees, radiating cua sov uas incinerates txhua yam nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm ob peb kilometers.

Nuclear tawg
Nuclear tawg

Tam sim no cov cua sov tam sim ntawd nthuav dav hauv qhov loj, tsim kom muaj lub zog poob siab uas ua rau lub tuam tsev tawm ntawm lub hauv paus, tig thiab rhuav tshem txhua yam hauv nws txoj kev … qhov no yog daim duab ntawm kev tawg atomic.

Zoo li kev xyaum

Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub foob pob atomic yog qhov yooj yim xav tsis thoob. Muaj ob lub ingots ntawm uranium (los yog lwm yam xov tooj cua hluav taws xob), txhua qhov tsawg dua li qhov tseem ceeb. Ib qho ntawm cov ingots yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub khob hliav qab, lwm yam yog ib lub pob nrog ib tug cone-puab qhov. Raws li koj tuaj yeem kwv yees, thaum ob lub halves sib xyaw ua ke, ib lub pob tau txais, uas qhov tseem ceeb tau mus txog. Qhov no yog tus qauv yooj yim nuclear foob pob. Ob lub halves txuas nrog siv tus nqi TNT li ib txwm (lub khob hliav qab tau txhaj rau hauv pob).

Atomic foob pob
Atomic foob pob

Tab sis tsis txhob xav tias leej twg tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke xws li "hauv caug". Qhov ua kom yuam kev yog tias uranium, txhawm rau kom lub foob pob tawg, yuav tsum yog ntshiab heev, muaj cov impurities yog xyaum xoom.

Vim li cas tsis muaj atomic foob pob qhov loj ntawm ib pob luam yeeb

Txhua yam yog vim li cas. Qhov loj tseem ceeb ntawm cov isotope feem ntau ntawm uranium 235 yog hais txog 45 kg. Kev tawg ntawm cov roj nuclear no twb yog kev puas tsuaj. Thiab ua kom cov khoom tawg nrog tsawg duatus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsis yooj yim sua - nws tsuas yog yuav tsis ua haujlwm.

Rau tib yam, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov nqi hluav taws xob muaj zog heev los ntawm uranium lossis lwm yam hlau hluav taws xob. Yuav kom lub foob pob muaj zog heev, nws yog tsim los ntawm ib lub kaum os ingots, uas, thaum detonating nqi tau detonated, rushed mus rau hauv nruab nrab, txuas zoo li txiv kab ntxwv slices.

Tab sis qhov tseeb tshwm sim? Yog tias, vim li cas, ob lub ntsiab lus tau ntsib ib txhiab ntawm ib thib ob ua ntej tshaj li lwm tus, qhov loj loj tau mus txog sai dua li qhov seem yuav "mus txog lub sijhawm", qhov tawg tsis tshwm sim ntawm lub zog uas cov neeg tsim khoom xav tau. Qhov teeb meem ntawm super-powerful nuclear riam phom tau daws tau tsuas yog nrog lub advent ntawm thermonuclear riam phom. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog ib zaj dab neeg txawv me ntsis.

Yuav ua li cas lub atom kev thaj yeeb ua haujlwm

Ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear yog qhov tseem ceeb tib lub foob pob nuclear. Tsuas yog qhov "pob zeb" no muaj roj cov ntsiab lus (roj cov ntsiab lus) ua los ntawm uranium nyob ntawm qee qhov deb ntawm ib leeg, uas tsis tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev sib pauv neutron "strike".

nuclear fais fab chaw nres tsheb
nuclear fais fab chaw nres tsheb

Roj cov ntsiab lus yog tsim los ntawm cov pas nrig, nruab nrab ntawm cov pas nrig tswj tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv uas nqus cov neutrons zoo. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog yooj yim:

  • regulating (absorbing) pas nrig yog muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov uranium rods - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qeeb los yog nres tag nrho;
  • tswj cov pas nrig raug tshem tawm ntawm thaj chaw - cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nquag pauv cov neutrons, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear tau nce ntxiv.

Tseeb, nws hloov tawm tib lub foob pob atomic,nyob rau hauv uas qhov tseem ceeb huab hwm coj mus txog smoothly thiab yog tswj kom meej meej hais tias nws tsis ua rau ib tug tawg, tab sis tsuas yog rau cua sov lub coolant.

Txawm hais tias, hmoov tsis zoo, raws li kev xyaum qhia, tsis yog tib neeg lub siab tawv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub zog loj thiab puas tsuaj - lub zog ntawm kev lwj ntawm lub atomic nucleus.

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