Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov yog ib tug cim tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Nws tau ua ntau yam rau Russia, qhia nws tus kheej hauv ntau qhov chaw. Qhov zoo ntawm Lomonosov hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb yog qhov zoo. Undoubtedly, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1711-1765) yog ib tug txiv neej ntawm ntau yam kev txaus siab thiab kev paub encyclopedic. Qhov no yog thawj tus kws tshawb fawb txog ntuj tsim nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, uas nws qhov kev ua tiav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Mikhail Vasilyevich yog ib tug historian, kws sau paj lug, artist, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm xws li ib tug kev paub txog lub cev chemistry. Peb nthuav qhia rau koj mloog txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lomonosov hauv ntau yam kev paub.
Chemistry thiab Physics
Mikhail Vasilievich suav tias yog chemistry yog nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Lomonosov yog tias nws tau tsim cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm atomic thiab molecular txoj kev xav niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv 1748, tus kws tshawb fawb thawj zaug tau tsim txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm cov khoom loj, pom hauv tshuaj.cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Lomonosov qhov zoo hauv chemistry tsis yog tsuas yog nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm cov cai. Nws tau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog kev siv zog ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb los koom ua ke daws teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv 1751, Mikhail Vasilyevich tsim "Lord on the Benefits of Chemistry". Hauv nws, nws thov kom siv cov kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li physics thiab lej rau kev kawm txog ntau yam tshuaj phenomena.
Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Lomonosov hauv physics kuj zoo heev, tab sis nws qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam no yog atomic-particle theory, uas piav txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem thiab cov teeb meem. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia tias yog vim li cas cov tshuaj coj mus rau hauv lub xeev tag nrho, thiab tseem tsim txoj kev xav ntawm cua sov.
geography
Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich, "Atlas of Russia" tau npaj rau kev tshaj tawm, uas tau dhau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm European atlases. Nws tau qhia meej cov ntaub ntawv thaj chaw, thiab tseem nthuav tawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv.
Lomonosov, qhov tseeb, ua tiav cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub xeev. Mikhail Vasilyevich tau tsim ib txoj kev npaj rau kev kawm nyiaj txiag thiab kev txheeb cais ntawm Russia. Expeditions thoob plaws lub tebchaws tau nruab ua tsaug rau nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus nug raug xa mus rau txhua lub xeev. Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav tshaj plaws tau sau rau lub atlas. Nws nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab thaj chaw ntawm ntau thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws (cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv, cov toj siab loj), nrog rau cov cim kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej ntuj (qhov twg lub nroog nyob, txawm tias nws nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawmdej ntws, cov nroj tsuag thiab cov chaw tsim khoom nyob hauv nws, khoom siv tes ua thiab khoom siv tes ua, tsiaj thiab nuv ntses, fairs, squares).
Tab sis qhov no tsis yog tag nrho Lomonosov qhov zoo hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Mikhail Vasilyevich yog suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm xws li kev paub txog kev lag luam geography. Lomonosov nyob rau hauv 1758 los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Geographic Department teej tug mus rau Academy ntawm Sciences. Mikhail Lomonosov yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv rau ntau tus neeg Lavxias teb sab cartographers, geography, oceanographers thiab surveyors.
Txij thaum yau, Mikhail Vasilievich nyiam dej hiav txwv. Nws mob siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm navigation nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, xav mus kawm lub teb chaws polar. Lomonosov tau sau txog thaj av tsis tau tshawb nrhiav hauv hiav txwv Arctic. Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws tau coj los ntawm Chichagov thiab Chelyuskin tau pom ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich. Nws yog nws tus uas npaj nws, thiab kuj tau tsim cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws rau cov tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev mus ncig no.
geology
Lomonosov xyoo 1763 tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm hu ua "Nyob rau Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb". Nws muab kev nthuav qhia txog niaj hnub geology, uas yog suav tias yog thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm. Science nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau muaj. Lomonosov tau sau tseg tias cov pob zeb hauv av sib txawv ntawm lub hnub nyoog, piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm pob txha, hlau-cov kabmob placers, chernozem, av qeeg.
Philology
Lomonosov ntau qhov kev txaus siab thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv kev hais lus kuj yog qhov dav heev. Txawm tias daim ntawv teev cov haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws no tau tawm tsam hauv nws txoj kev sib txawv. Peb sau cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Lomonosov hauv lus Lavxias. Nws yog tus tsim thawj zaug hauv peb lub tebchawslus zoo heev. Nws tau piav qhia txog cov qauv thiab cov cai ntawm cov lus sau ntawv tshiab, nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem. Lomonosov yog tus sau cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab dialectology, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv keeb kwm kev kawm ntawm cov lus, nyob rau hauv lub poetics ntawm cov lus tseeb thiab cov stylistics ntawm lus, nyob rau hauv oratory, thiab kuj nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm versification thiab prose. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov keeb kwm muaj xws li tej hauj lwm ntsig txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho lus.
Literature
Lomonosov yog leej txiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Nws pom zoo nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam lub niaj hnub system ntawm versification - syllabic-tonic. Nyob rau hauv 1739 Lomonosov sau "Ode on the Capture of Khotyn". Nws tau tsim siv iambic tetrameter, uas yog thawj zaug qhia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab nqe. Qhov no ode cim pib ntawm ib tug tshiab era ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam.
Nco ntsoov tias Lomonosov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam hom ntawv no. Cov lus solemn ntawm lub ode, sau nrog oratorical thov thiab exclamations, pej xeem pathos, ncauj lus kom ntxaws sib piv thiab piv txwv, biblical dluab thiab Slavicisms - tag nrho cov no attracted nws. Lomonosov ntseeg hais tias qhov no muaj "highness thiab magnificent." Cov odes nws tsim tau coj los ua ib tug qauv los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab paj huam uas tsim lawv tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Lomonosov txhawb kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv nws cov haujlwm. Nws hu nkauj ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, qhuas cov neeg Lavxias. Tsis tas li ntawd, Lomonosov qhia cov vajntxwv, tsim kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus huab tais hauv nws tej hauj lwm.
History
Ntau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Lomonosov hauv kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm, tsis yogthiaj yooj yim rau kev ntsuam xyuas raws li cov ntawv qub. Feem ntau, qhov nyuaj ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab nkag siab txog cov haujlwm uas nws tsim tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Lomonosov cov lus yog archaic. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab artistic yam ntxwv, nws yog heev siab, thiab nyob rau hauv style, qauv thiab daim ntawv nws yog harmonious thiab refined. Nws yog Mikhail Vasilievich uas qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb purity thiab holistic realism. Nws zam kev tawm tswv yim ntawm tus kheej, thiab tsim nws "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia" raws li kev ua tib zoo tshawb fawb thiab ntau qhov chaw uas nws tau nyeem ntau xyoo.
Lomonosov sim "ntxuav cov keeb kwm keeb kwm" ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Nws ua pov thawj tias cov Slavs tsis yog Swedes, yog li cov "Norman" version yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog yuam kev. Mikhail Vasilyevich qhib tau hais tawm, txawm hais tias nrog kev ceev faj thiab rhiab heev, tawm tsam pawg ntseeg dogma. Raws li qhov dogma no, nws tau ntseeg tias cov Slavs tau nqis los ntawm cov tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, Mosokh.
Porcelain samples
Mikhail Vasilyevich tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain production). Hmoov tsis zoo, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj tau khaws cia los txiav txim qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm nws hauv cheeb tsam no. Nyob rau hauv "Cov ntaub ntawv Laboratory" tsim los ntawm nws (section "Porcelain samples"), qee cov zaub mov txawv rau cov plooj (porcelain masses) tau nthuav tawm. Lwm qhov ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv "Labouratory Journal".
Lomonosov pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), feem ntau yuav yog xyoo 1750. Cov zaub mov uas tau piav qhia los ntawm nws xa mus rau 1751 lossis rau thaum pib ntawm 1752.kom paub tseeb tias nws tom qab ntawd ua qhov kev sim porcelain. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb tias Lomonosov ua kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws coj txoj kev sib txawv dua li Vinogradov, nws tus phooj ywg. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tuaj yeem kos los ntawm kev sib piv cov plooj (porcelain masses) tsim los ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb no. Ntawm Lomonosov, lawv yog ob qho tib si, muaj cov khoom siv quartz thiab av nplaum. Cov pawg sib txawv tsuas yog hauv cov ntaub ntawv quartz, qib av nplaum, kev npaj ua ntej - qib kev sib tsoo, calcination, ntxuav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txawv. Vinogradov kuj tseem siv cov khoom thib peb raws li cov flux - alabaster (gypsum).
Ua haujlwm nrog mosaics
Mikhail Vasilyevich ua haujlwm nrog mosaics - hom duab monumental. Vim li cas nws thiaj txaus siab rau nws? Tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau tias cov neeg pleev kob siv cov xim thawj, thiab tag nrho cov seem yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw. Nws kuj xav nrhiav txoj hauv kev luv luv thiab yooj yim los hloov daim duab.
Mikhail Vasilyevich tau nruj thiab txhaws hauv phab ntsa ntawm Academy of Sciences. Nws mob siab tawm ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm, nrhiav kev ua haujlwm uas nws qhov kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem paub nws tus kheej.
Lomonosov tau nyiam mosaics ntev ua ntej nws tau txais nws lub chaw kuaj tshuaj. Nws tau nyiam heev los ntawm kev kos duab thaum ub ntawm kev tsim cov duab tsis zoo thiab cov duab kos duab los ntawm sm alt (iav alloys ntawm cov xim sib txawv). Xyoo 1746, suav M. I. Vorontsov coj ob peb mosaics los ntawm Rome. Mikhail Lomonosov feem ntau mus xyuas lub tsev ntawm cov suav no.
Peb Xim Txoj Cai
Mikhail Vasilyevich pib tsim txoj kev xav ntawm "peb xim". Undoubtedly, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov xim science. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tias tag nrho ntau yam xim muaj peb-dimensionality. Mikhail Vasilievich nrhiav txoj hauv kev los daws ntau yam teeb meem uas tau siv niaj hnub no hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, luam ntawv, thiab xim thaij duab. Lomonosov sim tsim cov khoom siv uas ib tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov xim los ntawm kev rho tawm lossis ntxiv peb qhov yooj yim.
Poltava sib ntaus sib tua
Cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich yog "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Poltava". Daim duab no yog ua los ntawm cov sm alt. Qhov ntev ntawm txhua kab yog 5 cm, thiab lub thickness tsuas yog 1-6 hli. Daim duab phab ntsa no tau xeeb los ntawm Lomonosov rau Peter thiab Paul Cathedral ua ib feem ntawm cov mosaics tso rau hauv lub tsev. Qhov loj ntawm txoj haujlwm no loj heev - ntau dua 300 square meters. m. Nyob rau sab laug ntawm nws yog piav txog Peter kuv ntawm nees. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm tus thawj coj siab tawv uas coj cov tub rog Lavxias mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Peter txoj kev saib yog kev txiav txim siab thiab ua siab tawv, nws lub cev yog majestic. Nws tau ua raws los ntawm nws cov neeg koom tes, cov uas AD Menshikov thiab B. P. Sheremetev tau lees paub. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib tug yooj yim tub rog uas thaiv txoj kev ntawm huab tais. Cov tub rog no nrog lub musket zoo li tau tuav Peter I los ntawm kev xav kom tawg mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev phom sij ntawm kev tuag. Daim duab no sawv cev rau tib neeg. Raws li tus sau, nws lub luag haujlwm tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li lub luag haujlwm ntawm Peter I.
Yog li, peb tau piav qhiaLub ntsiab zoo ntawm Lomonosov luv luv. Tau kawg, peb tsis tau qhia txog txhua qhov kev ua tiav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no. Nws tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom npog tag nrho nws cov dej num dav dav hauv ib tsab xov xwm. Lomonosov qhov kev ua tiav zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus Lavxias, chemistry, thaj chaw, physics thiab lwm yam kev paub ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm Lavxias.
