Txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ntev ntawm hluav taws xob tau pib hauv 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ionizing hluav taws xob yog qhov ua rau chromosomal hloov pauv. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Nyij Pooj lub nroog ntawm Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki tau qhia tias 12 xyoo tom qab lub foob pob hluav taws xob nuclear, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav hauv cov neeg uas raug hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim mob qog noj ntshav tsis cuam tshuam nrog tus qauv pib, thaum tus kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm ntau tshaj qhov "tseem ceeb" tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tau txais. Nws nce linearly, txawm tias luv luv irradiation. Cov xwm txheej no cuam tshuam nrog cov nyhuv stochastic ntawm hluav taws xob. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, ib koob tshuaj hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav thiab caj ces.
Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam stochastic ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob?
Radiation muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub so ntswg lom. Hauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, muaj 2 qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim: kev txiav txim siab thiab cov txiaj ntsig stochastic. Thawj hom kuj hu uapredetermined (los ntawm lo lus Latin determino - " txiav txim"), uas yog, qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim thaum lub koob tshuaj pib mus txog. Yog tias nws dhau lawm, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib txawv yuav nce.
Cov kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev txiav txim siab muaj xws li mob hluav taws xob raug mob, kab mob hluav taws xob (pob txha pob txha, plab hnyuv, cerebral), kev ua tsis zoo ntawm kev ua me nyuam, cataracts. Lawv raug sau tseg sai li sai tau tom qab tau txais ib koob tshuaj hluav taws xob, tsawg dua - nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Stochastic, los yog random, teebmeem (los ntawm Greek lo lus stochastikos - "paub yuav ua li cas twv") yog cov teebmeem no, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tsis nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov hluav taws xob. Cov koob tshuaj dependence yog manifested nyob rau hauv ib tug nce nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm pathology ntawm ib tug pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev phiv tshwm sim txawm tias raug luv luv.
Qhov txawv
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nyhuv stochastic hluav taws xob thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab tau piav qhia hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
| Txoj Cai | Kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam | Stochastic teebmeem |
| thov koob tshuaj | Qhia tawm ntawm cov koob tshuaj siab (>1 Gy). Yog hais tias tus nqi pib tshaj, tus kab mob yog inevitable (predetermined, txiav txim siab). Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov raug mob nce nrog nce koob | Pom ntawm cov koob tshuaj qis thiab nruab nrab. Pathogenesis yog koob tshuaj ywj pheej |
| Mechanism ntawm kev puas tsuaj | Cell tuag ua rau tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob |
Irradiated cells tseem ciaj sia, tab sis hloov pauv thiab muab cov xeeb ntxwv hloov pauv. Clones tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txwv tsis pub, mob qog noj ntshav tshwm sim, thiab yog tias cov kab mob kis tau raug cuam tshuam, kev cuam tshuam los ntawm noob caj noob ces txo txoj sia nyob |
| Spawn time | Nyob rau hauv cov xuab moos lossis hnub raug kis | Tom qab lub sijhawm latency. Tus kab mob no random |
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm stochastic phenomena yog tias lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim ib txhij nrog rau kev mob hluav taws xob ntev.
Views
Cov teebmeem Stochastic suav nrog 2 hom kev hloov pauv nyob ntawm seb hom cell twg cuam tshuam:
- Somatic teebmeem (malignant qog, leukemia). Lawv tau tshwm sim thaum saib mus ntev.
- Cov teebmeem tshwm sim tau sau tseg hauv cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg raug. tshwm sim vim kev puas tsuaj rau cov genome hauv cov kab mob.
Ob hom kev tsis xws luag tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg raug thiab hauv nws cov xeeb ntxwv.
Cell mutation
Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes raug hluav taws xob tsis ua rau nws tuag, tab sis txhawb kev hloov pauv caj ces. Muaj ib tug thiaj li hu ua hluav taws xob-induced mutation - ib tug artificially induced hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauvcov cell uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Lawv nyob mus ib txhis.
Cellular mutations yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso mechanisms. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus txawv ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj. Spontaneous cancerous thiab genetic pathologies yog tas li nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov pejxeem. Ionizing hluav taws xob yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntxiv uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tshwm sim.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob, nws feem ntau lees paub tias txawm tias ib lub xovtooj hloov pauv tuaj yeem pib tsim cov txheej txheem qog. DNA tawg thiab chromosomal aberrations tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab ib qho xwm txheej ionization.
Kab mob
Ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm qee yam kab mob thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob raug pov thawj tsuas yog hauv 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Cov npe hauv qab no yog cov teebmeem stochastic ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob:
- Y Malignant hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plab, pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, mammary qog nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, ntsws, zes qe menyuam, thyroid caj pas, hnyuv. Cov kab mob neoplastic ntawm hematopoietic system.
- Cov kab mob tsis yog qog: hyperplasia (kev tsim tawm ntawm tes ntau dhau) lossis aplasia (rov qab txheej txheem) ntawm cov kabmob uas muaj cov ntaub so ntswg (lub siab, tus po, pancreas thiab lwm yam), sclerotic pathologies, hormonal ntshawv siab.
- Txoj kev xeeb tub.
Hereditary anomalies
Nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov teebmeem caj ces, 3 hom kev tsis txaus ntseeg yog qhov txawv:
- Hloov pauv hauv genome (tus naj npawb thiab cov duab ntawm chromosomes), ua rau muaj ntau yam txawv txav - Down syndrome, plawv tsis xws luag, qaug dab peg, cataracts thiab lwm yam.
- Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim tam sim hauv thawj lossis thib ob ntawm cov menyuam yaus.
- Kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua. Lawv tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum tib lub noob hloov pauv hauv ob leeg niam txiv. Txwv tsis pub, kev hloov pauv caj ces yuav tsis tshwm sim rau ntau tiam neeg, lossis yuav tsis tshwm sim txhua.
Ionizing hluav taws xob ua rau cov caj ces tsis ruaj khov hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes vim muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev kho cov DNA puas. Ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv ib txwm ua ntawm biosynthesis ua rau txo qis hauv kev muaj peev xwm thiab cov tsos mob ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim. Instability ntawm cov genome ntawm tes kuj yog ib qho kev qhia ntxov ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav.
theem Oncopathy thiab lub sijhawm latent
Vim tias cov teebmeem stochastic yog qhov tsis sib xws, nws tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias leej twg yuav txhim kho lawv thiab leej twg yuav tsis ua. Lub ntuj tus nqi ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv tib neeg yog li 16% thoob plaws lub neej. Daim duab no siab dua nrog cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob sib sau ua ke, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia tseeb ntawm qhov no hauv kev kho mob science.
Vim tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav malignant yog txheej txheem ntau theem, oncopathologies vim cov teebmeem stochastic muaj lub sijhawm ntev latent (zais) ua ntej kuaj pom tus kab mob. Yog li, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm leukemia, daim duab no yog kwv yees li 8 xyoo. Tom qab nuclearKev foob pob hauv Nyij Pooj lub nroog Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki, cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav tau kuaj pom tom qab 7-12 xyoo, thiab leukemia tom qab 3-5 xyoos. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm latent rau cov kab mob malignant hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov caj ces
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau muab faib ua peb pawg raws li qhov hnyav ntawm chav kawm:
- Qhov loj aberrations - tuag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov embryonic thiab postpartum lub sij hawm, loj congenital malformations (craniocerebral hernia, tsis muaj pob txha ntawm lub cranial vault, micro- thiab hydrocephalus; underdevelopment los yog ua tsis tiav ntawm lub qhov muag, anomalies ntawm lub skeletal system. - ntiv tes ntxiv, tsis muaj ceg tawv thiab lwm yam), kev loj hlob qeeb.
- Lub cev tsis taus (kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev cia thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, kev ua tsis zoo ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo rau sab nraud).
- Kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv ntawm kev tsim cov qog nqaij hlav malignant raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv.
