Art critics thiab amateurs yuav xav txog kev luam tawm ib daim duab me me, tus nqi uas tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog qhov loj ntawm architecture, painting lossis duab puab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev nkag mus tau thiab kev cog lus rau hom kev piav qhia los ntawm qee tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Renaissance tau coj mus rau pej xeem lees paub thiab muaj koob meej uas cov duab kos hauv nruab nrab nyiam rau hnub no. Cov duab ntawm ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej exhibition, pej xeem thiab ntiag tug collections ua pov thawj irrefutable.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib kaum rau, cov phau ntawv piav qhia tau xav tau zoo, thaum ua cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siab tshaj plaws, khaws cia rau hauv lawv cov nplooj ntawv cov haujlwm ntawm cov tswv xws li Albrecht Dürer thiab txawm Raphael.
Pib hom
Hauv kev kos duab, lo lus "engraving" tuaj yeem nkag siab tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem. Qhov no yog ib lub tswv yim me ntsis tsis meej uas hais txog ob qho tib si rau cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tiav thiab cov txheej txheem. Yog li, raws li cov khoom siv, ib qho engraving raws li qhov kawg tshwm sim tuaj yeem yog woodcut lossis linocut, thiab nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem, nwstej zaum yuav etching, aquatint, los yog mezzotint.
Nyob rau hauv lem, kuj muaj kev faib ua hom, uas yog hais txog txoj kev luam ib yam. Muaj ob txoj kev paub zoo - embossing, lossis letterpress, thaum daim duab tau txais ua tsaug rau qhov siab nyem tau los ntawm kev txiav cov duab (woodcut thiab linocut) thiab sib sib zog nqus engraving ntawm hlau (etching, aquatint, mezzotint).
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev faib engraving rau hauv hom yog kev siv cov txheej txheem nruj heev uas txiav txim siab cov tshuab luam ntawv thiab suav nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm phau ntawv. Piv txwv li, ua cov kev xav nrog ntau cov kua qaub lossis ferric chloride.
Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev engraving xws li mechanical engraving, photochemical engraving, planographic engraving, buffering, etc., tab sis cov hom no mus dhau engraving li tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab.
History of engraving
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev kos duab tuaj yeem pom tau ntau tshaj kaum tsib centuries. Woodcut los yog woodcut yog thawj daim duab kos duab. Thawj zaug, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais txog kev txiav ntoo hauv Suav teb hauv xyoo pua rau. Cov txheej txheem Woodcut tau siv nyob rau hauv Suav teb los luam cov nyiaj muas thiab ntawv.
Cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws uas paub niaj hnub no tau rov qab mus rau xyoo pua cuaj, thaum thawj engraving tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe tsuas yog tsib caug xyoo tom qab.
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kos duab, kos duab tau nkag mus rau ntau ntu ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe. Nrog lub advent ntawm printing pressesmedieval engravings pib luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau loj ncig tshaj li medieval manuscripts.
Plot of engraving
Thawj cov duab kos yog, ntawm chav kawm, biblical motifs, ib yam li phau Vajlugkub yog thawj cov ntawv luam tawm rau kev noj ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog lub sijhawm thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm, tsis tsuas yog cov neeg nyeem nyiam tau hloov pauv, tab sis kuj yog cov duab ntawm cov duab. Medieval erotic engravings tshwm sim, txawm hais tias nws tsis yooj yim kom tau lawv. Nrog rau phau Vajlugkub, txhua hnub motifs kuj tau nrov. Cov kws ua yeeb yam pib piav txog kev ua koob tsheej, hnub so hauv zos, lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej.
Nrog rau qhov kev tshwm sim thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, lub tsev teev ntuj pom ib qho kev siv tshiab rau txoj kev yooj yim thiab nrov ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov duab, uas tau los ua cov duab medieval: tsim txom, hlawv ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, chav tsev hais plaub - tag nrho cov no tau los ua ib zaj dab neeg uas nrov tshaj plaws.
Raws li ib qho ntawm cov qauv qub tshaj plaws thiab cov thawj coj ntawm kev luam ntawv, ntoo txiav tau tsim nyob rau hauv ob theem.
Thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho ntoo engraving yog txoj kev ntawm longitudinal los yog ntug engraving, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog ib tug riam uas txiav cov duab.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem engraving no yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov kab dub contour, uas tsim cov duab thiab cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog txoj kev no tau txais cov ntawv luam tawm uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab thaum lub sij hawm European Renaissance. NtawmKuj tseem muaj kev zam rau cov txheej txheem "dub mob stroke", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Florentine edition ntawm 15th-16th centuries. Qee tus tswv tau siv cov hlab ntsha dawb los yog nyiam luam cov duab hauv "tsis zoo", zoo li Swiss artist Graf Urs. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev zam no tsis tau siv hauv paus hauv European medieval engraving.
theem thib ob hauv kev txhim kho ntoo yog qhov kawg lossis lub suab engraving rau ntawm ntu ntoo khaub lig. Kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas tau tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm kom ua tiav qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov duab. Qhov no tso cai rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam siv cov xim dub nrog rau cov xim dub li niaj zaus. Qhov kawg ntoo txiav tau hloov pauv qhov zoo ntawm cov duab kos hauv cov ntawv luam tawm.
European medieval engraving
thawj European engraving, lub npe hu ua Le Bois Protat (Prot ntoo), hnub tim 1370-1380 thiab muaj npe tom qab nws tus tswv Jules Prot, tus kws kho Fab Kis uas tau yuav lub engraved block nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, tom qab nws. tau nrhiav pom hauv Burgundy. Daim ntawv luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv yog ib feem ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Kev Cucifixion ntawm Tswv Yexus nrog ib tug centurion thiab ob tug Roman legionnaires, thiab nyob rau hauv obverse yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub Annunciation.
Thawj qhov kev kos duab medieval hauv Tebchaws Europe - kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv tsis qhia npe ntawm lub sijhawm kaum plaub - thaum ntxov kaum tsib caug xyoo. Lawv cov lus qhia tsis meej thiab me ntsis clumsy qhia txog cov duab tsis sib xws, cov lus piav qhia thiab cov ntsej muag txawv txawv.
Vajluskub motifs yog thawj daim ntawv sau rauCov ntawv ntoo, txawm li cas los xij, lawv nyob deb ntawm qhov txwv ntawm qhov kev kos duab medieval tau piav qhia: dab, kev tsim txom, hnub so, tsiaj txhu thiab noog - tag nrho cov no tau nrov ntawm cov kws kos duab thiab tshaj tawm.
National nta ntawm European engravings
Ntau hom kev kos duab sib txawv pib tsim hauv Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo pua kaum tsib. Thaum lub sij hawm no, engraving pib nrov tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub Netherlands thiab ltalis, txhua lub teb chaws, ntxiv rau cov technologies, muab nws engravings me me tab sis tseem ceeb lub teb chaws sib txawv. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug yuav luag universal faib ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tshwm sim: tus artist tsim cov duab, thiab lub engraver hloov nws mus rau hlau. Kuj tseem muaj cov kws ua yeeb yam uas kawm thiab tsim cov txuj ci kos duab ntawm lawv tus kheej. Cov duab tag nrho tsim thiab kos los ntawm ib tus neeg tau hu ua autogravures.
Kev kos duab ntawm kev kos duab thiab nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb coj qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tom qab kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm hauv xyoo 1440. Hauv 1490 cov phau ntawv piav qhia tau pib luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv Nuremberg, nyob rau hauv lub rhiav ntawm tus zoo artist thiab tus tswv ntawm medieval engraving Albrecht Dürer, ib tug tshwj xeeb discovery tshwm sim - ib tug technology rau ib txhij luam ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov duab tau tsim. Daim ntawv thov ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no los ntawm 1493, thaum thawj phau ntawv qhia txog Welchronick ("General Chronicle") tau luam tawm nrog cov duab los ntawm Mikael Wohlgemuth.
Woodcut in Germany
thawj engraving tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yog hnub tim 1423 thiabdepicts Saint Christopher nrog tus me nyuam Yexus hauv nws txhais tes. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau lees paub tus tswv ntawm kev kos duab yog tus sawv cev ntawm German Renaissance - Albrecht Dürer, uas tau tsim ntau lub voj voog ntawm cov duab los ntawm kev kos rau ntawm ntoo: Apocalypse (1499) thiab Lub Neej ntawm Nkauj xwb (1511). Ntxiv rau cov voj voog no, Dürer tau tsim ntau cov duab ntawm tus kheej, lub npe nrov tshaj plaws yog Melancholia (tooj liab engraving, 1514).
Dürer txoj haujlwm ua tau zoo tau txhawb nqa engraving mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws kos duab ntawm medieval Europe. Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb heev rau kev txhim kho ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntoo thiab dhau mus.
Cov haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Dürer tau ua raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Northern Renaissance li Albrecht Altdorfer, Hans Baldung, Lucas Cranach, Graf Urs, Hans Holbein thiab lwm tus.
Nyob hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe, muaj ntau phau bible rau cov neeg pluag, encyclopedias, chronicles thiab lwm yam kev tshaj tawm, piav qhia los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tshwm sim.
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv ltalis (XV caug xyoo), tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm brightest flourishing ntawm painting nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, engraving tsis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Tsuas yog ob peb daim duab piv txwv rau Savonarola cov lus qhuab qhia, Malermi cov lus piav qhia bible thiab Ovid's Metamorphoses tau tsim thiab luam tawm los ntawm cov kws kos duab tsis paub thiab kos duab.
Tshaj tawm kev txiav ntoo hauv Netherlands
Nyob rau hauv Netherlands, keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab medieval pib nrog Lucas van Leyden, uas thawj zaug siv qhov kev xav, kev ntsuas, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab lub suab uas cuam tshuam rau kev siv lub teeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev nce qib hauv cov txheej txheem engraving nyob rau hauv ib nrab thib obntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau pom los ntawm Hendrik Goltzius, uas tau hloov cov kab ntshiab ntawm cov duab nraaj, ua si nrog daim ntawv, volumetric variations, chiaroscuro thiab combining kab los ntawm ntau yam kev sib tshuam.
Hlau engraving
Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab kos duab yog suav tias yog hlau engraving. Keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib caug xyoo thiab xyaum los ntawm ntau nto moo kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sij hawm, cov txheej txheem no thiab nws creation yog tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm Germans thiab Italians.
Cov engravings nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau yog German masters, qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv hnub rov qab mus rau 1410. Nyob rau hauv Giorgio Vasari phau ntawv, kev tsim cov txheej txheem hlau engraving yog ntaus nqi rau Florentine jeweler Mazo Finiguerra (XV caug xyoo). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov duab kos rau ntawm cov hlau ua ntej Finiguerra qhov kev sim, ua rau xyoo 1430, los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis qhia npe Scandinavian.
Japanese print
Ukiyo-e yog hom kev txiav ntoo hauv Nyij Pooj. Japanese medieval prints feem ntau piav txog toj roob hauv pes, keeb kwm lossis theatrical scenes.
zaj nkauj no. Nws tau los ua neeg nyiam nyob hauv nroog Edo (tom qab Tokyo) nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab feem ntau piav txog lub nroog medieval no. Engravings ntawm cov style no qhia txog lub "hloov ntiaj teb" uas tej yam ntuj tso toj roob hauv pes muab txoj hauv kev rau cov nroog. Thaum xub thawj, tsuas yog tus cwj mem dub tau siv, nrog qee cov lithographs tes-xim. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, tom qab Suzuki Harunobuinvented thiab popularized cov txheej txheem ntawm polychrome lithography, pib nyob rau hauv lub 1760s, zus tau tej cov xim engravings los ua tus qauv.
Pobularity of prints
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab ntawm cov hlau lossis ntoo txawv ntawm lwm cov txuj ci hauv kev ua yeeb yam zoo. Yog tias kev kos duab lossis kos duab tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv chav ua haujlwm, txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ces kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem engraving yog qhov txwv tsis pub dhau los yog ua tsis tau. Tus kws kos duab raug yuam kom ua kom meej meej thiab meej nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kos cov khoom ntawm lub phaj.
Lwm yam ntawm hom kev kos duab no yog kev faib ua haujlwm. Ntawm tag nrho cov European engravings, tom qab kos npe ntawm tus kws kos duab uas tsim cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov npe ntawm cov tswv uas kos nws ua raws.
Kev txaus siab rau kev kos duab yog Ameslikas los ntawm txoj hauv kev yooj yim kom tau txais cov duab ntau nrog tus nqi tsawg. Ib qho engraving tuaj yeem luam tawm ntau ntau. Nws yog qhov no uas tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tas li ntawm cov txheej txheem engraving. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nrog rau lub advent ntawm tuab cardboard thiab linoleum, tshiab hom engravings tshwm. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xav txog tias daim duab zoo nkauj no tsis yog yav dhau los ntev xwb, tab sis kuj yog yav tom ntej ntev.
