Lub fortress tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm poj huab tais Elizabeth thaum Lub Ib Hlis 11, 1752. Qhov tseeb, nws tau tsim nyob rau lub Rau Hli 18, 1754, txij li kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tswv yim siv sijhawm ntev. Qhov no yog qhov ntuj tsim, txij li qhov siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum toj no hiav txwv theem nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tam sim no cheeb tsam Kirovohrad yog unevenly. Cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no tau faib:
- ntawm -50 txog 0 meters (feem ntau nyob ze cov dej ntws, tab sis muaj ntau ntawm no);
- 0-100 meters;
- 100–200 meters;
- 200–300 meters.
Cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm daim duab qhia lub cev ntawm Ukraine lees paub qhov nyuaj ntawm kev nrhiav qhov chaw tsim kho, thiab cov neeg Lavxias xav tau lub fortress hauv cheeb tsam no.
Qhov chaw thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub fortress
Lub fortress nyob rau sab xis siab ntawm tus dej Ingul, nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus dej Gruzskaya thiab Kamyanista Sugokleya, 4 kilometers ntawm ciam teb nrog New Serbia.
Qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov khoom yog raws li hauv qab no:
- muaj tus dej navigable nyob ze;
- yooj yim ntawm kev xa khoom thiab xa ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom xws li av nplaum, xuab zeb, ntoo,pob zeb.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub fortress yog raws li hauv qab no:
- tiv thaiv Lavxias ciam teb los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Turkey thiab Crimea;
- muab daim thaiv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Zaporizhzhya Cossacks ntawm ib sab thiab Gaidamaks, Ncej ntawm lwm qhov.
Tatar raids yeej ib txwm ntshai cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Poles thiab Cossacks yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Moscow. Nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 22, 1758, lub fortress tau txais kev txiav txim los ntawm Collegium rau Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs yuav tsum tau ua: … raws li cov lus tsis txaus siab ntawm lub Polish sab, lub haidamaks ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1750 mus rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 19, 1757 raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev poob. 4,212,000 zlotys rau cov inhabitants ntawm lub Bratslav Voivodeship, 359 cov neeg raug tua ntawm txawv qeb, thiab 2 pawg ntseeg raug nyiag, pawg ntseeg, 40 lub zos, 199 lub zos; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau sau tseg: txog kev siv zog tshwj xeeb los tshem tawm haidamak” (Keeb kwm sau ntawv ntawm Elisavetgrad, p. 5).
Kev sib raug zoo nrog Poland rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yeej ib txwm nyuaj thiab muaj tswv yim tseem ceeb, yog li ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tsim kho lub fortress nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, tau sim los daws teeb meem.
Cia sau cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntxiv rau kev tsim lub fortress ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kirovograd niaj hnub no:
- Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm thaj av los ntawm Serbs. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob tshiab los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Cossacks.
- Kev cais tawm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm Cossacks thiab Serbs, kom cov pej xeem tshiab tsis dhau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Cossacks.
Raws li koj paub, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv kuj ib txwm muaj kev nruj, tsis tu ncuatsov rog tawm. Thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm ciam teb nrog Poland thiab Zaporozhye tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, thiab nws nyob ntawm no tias, qhov tseeb, ciam teb hiav txwv dhau mus. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tau dhau los ntawm thaj chaw no uas cov tub rog Turkish tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv thaj av Lavxias ywj pheej, txij li kev hla dhau lub tebchaws thiab Zaporozhye tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.
Lub fortress no, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev muaj sia nyob ntawm Elisavetgrad, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub tebchaws Russia rau ntau yam.
Tsim lub fortress
Lub fortress tau ua sai sai, tab sis tsis tau tiav. Los ntawm kev pom zoo nrog lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Serbian, Ivan Horvat, Russia tau tsim kom muaj lub ntiaj teb fortress nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov kev kawm. Los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Senate, 2,000 sab laug-bank Cossacks tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho, tab sis Hetman Razumovsky thawj zaug faib 500, tom qab ntawd tsuas yog 1,000 tus neeg. Cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog tsis tu ncua thiab cov neeg raug kaw kuj ua haujlwm.
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kho lub fortress yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev khawb kwj thiab nchuav ramparts raws li lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub fortress av. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ramparts, tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv qauv tau nteg - ravelins thiab bastions. Qhov tob ntawm cov kwj dej yog ntau tshaj 10 meters, qhov dav yog li 15 meters. Xws li cov qauv yuav tsum tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov perimeter ntawm lub fortress. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog kev khawb ntawm ditches, ramparts tau nchuav. Txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua los ntawm tes, vim tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Thawj 6 lub hlis ntawm kev tsim kho tsuas yog siv rau hauv av xwb.
Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim vaj tsev yog ntoo,uas tau xa los ntawm Dub Hav Zoov nyob ze.
sab hauv ntawm lub fortress
Tam sim no cia peb tham txog cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub fortress. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nws tsis tiav. Vim li cas? Qhov tseeb yog qhov chaw nres nkoj Ottoman tau nyiam tsim lub fortress ob peb teev tsav los ntawm ciam teb. Qhov kev zoo siab no tuaj yeem nkag siab, txij li cov Turks tsis muaj lub tswv yim txog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub fortress. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Turkey.
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Porte txwv kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress yav tom ntej (Vezha magazine, No. 3, 1996, p. 221). Tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias hauv Constantinople tau hais tias Sultan xav xa Pasha Devlet Ali xa Aga los kawm txog kev npaj dav dav ntawm lub fortress thaum lub sijhawm txwv. Thawj tus thawj coj, Glebov, tau raug yuam kom ua camouflage txhawm rau tsim kom pom qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho.
Tus kws tshaj lij Turkish tau tshuaj xyuas lub fortress thiab txaus siab rau kev mus ntsib. Tau kawg, kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis tsis nyob ntawm no.
Lub fortress garrison twb armed nrog:
- 120 phom;
- 12 mortar;
- 6 falconets;
- 12 lub nkoj;
- 6 mortar;
- phom.
Mortar yog cov cuab yeej phom loj nrog lub thoob luv rau kev tua. Tsim los rhuav tshem cov kev tiv thaiv muaj zog.
Lub howitzer tau npaj rau kev tua ntawm cov hom phiaj zais. Lub falconet tau siv nyob rau hauv thaj av thiab hiav txwv rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 16th-17th centuries. Calibre ranges ntawm 45 mus rau 100 mm(Soviet encyclopedic phau ntawv txhais lus, kab lus 834, 1084, 279, 1401).
Cannons raug thauj mus rau lub fortress ntawm Perevolochny, qhov chaw uas lawv tau khaws cia txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Peter lub Great, thaum cov marines nyob rau ntawd, los ntawm Staraya Samara thiab Kamenka.
Lub garrison nyob rau hauv peacetime yog 2000 tus neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tub rog nws tau npaj yuav nce tus neeg ua hauj lwm mus rau 3000-4000 neeg. Cov qauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
- 2 battalions ntawm infantry regiment;
- grenadier tuam txhab;
- 400 zaj.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, tus qauv garrison tau nce los ntawm 500 dragoons thiab 70 hussars ntawm Moldavian regiment.
Hauv ntau qhov chaw keeb kwm, peb pom cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb txog lub xeev ntawm lub fortress, nws lub zog. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub regional phau ntawv journal ntawm lub zos lore "Vezha" rau 1996, ib tug excerpt los ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub commandant ntawm lub fortress Yust los ntawm 1758, uas hais tias lub fortress nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no tsis zoo li yuav muaj peev xwm muab tau. dlej rebuff rau yeeb ncuab. Raws li Kev Ncaj Ncees, tsis muaj lub rooj vag, qhov kwj deg tau khawb tsis zoo, uas yog, cov tub rog Turkish tuaj yeem ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kom kov yeej nws. Nws tau sib cav hais tias nyob ib ncig ntawm lub fortress nws yog tsim nyog los nce qhov siab ntawm glacis. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub kwj deg tsis tau nce siab txaus, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los sau nws.
Xyoo 1762 Lieutenant Colonel Menzelius tau tshaj tawm rau Senate, uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub fortress. Raws li nws, St. Elizabeth tseem tsis tsim nyog hu ua lub fortress, vim nws tsis muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tawm tsam: parapets, txuas hniav, palisades. Thiab cov uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1756 rotted thiabpoob sib nrug.
Nco ntsoov tias lwm qhov chaw feem ntau muab cov ntaub ntawv tawm tsam tag nrho, uas yog, nws zoo li tias cov kev xa tawm no tau raug xa mus rau thaj tsam Turkey, tias lub fortress, qhov tseeb, tsis muaj dab tsi. Cov palisades tiag tiag nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo, vim tias Senate tau faib nyiaj rau xyoo 1762 los txhim kho cov fortifications.
Raws li qhov project, lub fortress yog hexagonal polygon nrog bastion fronts 170 fathoms ntev. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress, ob tog flanks, ravelins nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov ntaub thaiv phab ntsa, ib txoj kev npog nrog bridgeheads, glacis tau muab.
Ravelin yog ib lub fortress peb sab nyob rau hauv lub fortresses pem hauv ntej ntawm lub moat ntawm lub bastions. Nws tau siv los tso cov khoom siv uas npog cov ntu ntawm phab ntsa fortress los ntawm kev tua phom thiab cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam.
Cov ntaub thaiv yog cov ntu ntawm cov laj kab thaiv uas txuas txuas ntawm ob lub chaw nyob sib ze uas sib ntsib.
Bastion yog pentagonal fortification nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug protrusion ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa rau shelling cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm thiab raws lub fortress phab ntsa, ditches. Nws kuj tau siv los ua ib lub fortification ywj siab. Lub bastion yog tom qab lub rampart, raws li muaj ib tug palisade ntawm lub rampart. Nyob rau hauv lub bastion, rau qhov yooj yim ntawm cov tub rog, ib tug recess yog nruab - ib tug parapet.
thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress raws li txoj kev npaj yog kwv yees li 70 acres (5.7 hectares). Sab hauv tau npaj muab faib ua 36 qhov me me, nyob ib puag ncig thaj tsam loj.
Qhov tseeb, lub fortress yog ib lub nroog tub rog. Raws li koj paub, nyob rau hauv 1755 kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress raug ncua vim yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm Porte, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub defensive lug yuav luag tiav. Kev npaj ntawm lub fortress yuav tsum tau hloov, vim hais tias tom qab ib co sij hawm nws tau tso cai rau ua kom tiav kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom tsis tiav, thiab tsis muaj lus nug txog lub tsev tshiab. Tsuas yog lub ntsiab square (50x50 fathoms) tau khaws nws qhov ntev tsim. 12 qhov loj thiab 4 qhov me me tau ua ib ncig.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub fortress no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau Russia. Ntu no ntawm ciam teb yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tiv thaiv. Hauv qhov no, peb tuaj yeem qhia ntau yam laj thawj rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub fortification. Russia xav tau kev nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam, uas yog, yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Cov khoom muag yuav tsum tau coj mus rau Poland lossis mus rau hiav txwv los ntawm kev sib tw. Lub fortress tau tsim, thiab lwm yam, los tiv thaiv cov tsheb thauj neeg los ntawm kev tawm tsam.
Raws li cov neeg keeb kwm hauv zos nto moo Konstantin Shlyakhovoy, lub fortress ntawm St. Elizabeth yog xyaum impregnable. Muaj 2 kab kev tiv thaiv. Lub puab ib tug yog ua los ntawm earthen ramparts 14 meters siab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug niaj hnub polyhedron, muaj 6 bastions nyob rau hauv uas ib tug citadel nrog ib tug palisade thiab cannons raug ntsia. Lub citadel yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib tug fortified central ib feem ntawm lub nroog los yog ib tug fortress, yoog rau ywj siab tiv thaiv. Qhov tseeb, lub citadel thiab parapet yog xyaum tib yam, vim qhov chaw tsis txawv thiab muaj phom.
Sab nrauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv muaj 6 ravelins txuas nrog lub citadels los ntawm tshwj xeebkev tsav tsheb. Ib tug glacis tau nchuav rau pem hauv ntej ntawm ravelins. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias checkpoints ua hauj lwm raws lub sab contours ntawm lub fortress.
Yog tus yeeb ncuab tuaj ze ntawm txoj kab glacis, lawv yuav raug ntes nyob rau hauv crossfire los ntawm parapets. Los ntawm txhua lub bastion nws muaj peev xwm tua tau ntawm 2 sab - sab xis thiab sab laug, uas cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab zoo heev. Rau kev sib tsoo, txoj kab embankment tau tsim tawg.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, cov tub rog ua se twb tshwm sim lawm, yog li ntawd lawv pib tsim lub fortresses av. Cov nuclei tau daig hauv cov ncej maj mam tsis ua kom puas. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ntiaj teb ramparts thiab ditches yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm lub fortification ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo.
Lub fortress tau txais nws thawj zaug thiab tsuas yog kev cai raus dej ntawm hluav taws hauv 1769. Kerim-Girey mus txog cov qauv nrog nws cov tub rog Tatar, tab sis tsis tau coj lawv los ntawm cua daj cua dub, vim tias:
- pom lub impregnability ntawm lub fortress;
- tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev txav mus los pab 2 tus tub rog Lavxias, uas tau yaj los ntawm Dnieper.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub fortress yog cov khoom hauv qab no:
- arsenals;
- hmoov magazines;
- pej xeem thiab tus thawj tub ceev xwm barracks thiab quarters;
- guardhouse;
- cuv;
- khoom noj khoom haus;
- garrison office;
- Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity;
- commandant's tsev;
- artillery storehouse;
- battalion archive;
- commission los ntawm tub rog lub tsev hais plaub;
- coal barn;
- workshops;
- tsev kawm ntawv tub rog menyuam ntsuag;
- tsev rau generals thiab brigadiers;
- chaw kho mob;
- gostiny dvor.
Administration building withtsoom fwv chaw ua hauj lwm rau lub fortress yog nyob rau hauv lub central square. Nws yog rectangular thiab nyob ib puag ncig ntawm txhua sab los ntawm ib lub gallery. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev no yog ib tug pej thuam peb-tier nrog lub dome.
Lub fortress tuaj yeem nkag tau siv 3 lub rooj vag:
- Trinity - ze lub bastion ntawm St. Petra;
- Txhua Haiv Neeg Ntseeg - nyob ze ntawm lub bastion ntawm St. Alexandra;
- Predchistenskie - Ravelin St. John.
Cov kab sab nraud thiab sab hauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv tau hais meej meej ntawm daim duab ntawm lub fortress. Muaj kwj ntawm cov kab no.
Nyob rau sab nraud tiv thaiv kab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob yog ravelin ntawm St. Natalia, los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj - St. Anna. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub fortress yog lub ravelin ntawm St. Fedor, sab hnub poob - St. John. Nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub fortress muaj ib tug ravelin ntawm lub Qhov tsua Dawb Huv, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj - ib tug ravelin ntawm St. Nicholas.
Cov bastions nyob rau hauv kab sab hauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress, zoo li nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ravelins. Qhov chaw ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb fortress yog raws li nram no:
- southeast - St. Katerina;
- south - St. Petra;
- southwest - St. Katerina;
- Northwest - St. Andrew tus thawj hu.
Tag nrho cov ravelins - 6 daim, bastions - kuj 6. Muaj kev cob qhia tom qab cov txheej tiv thaiv.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm txog lub fortress ntawm St. Elizabeth, muaj ib daim duab ntawm lub fortress ntawm ib lub sij hawm zoo sib xws los ntawm Canada - Citadel Hill (Halifax). Peb xav tias yuav tsum sib pivfortress data.
Ob lub tsev yog tsim los ntawm lub hnub qub. Nws zoo li peb hais tias cov ces kaum ntawm lub fortress los ntawm Ukraine yog sharper dua cov Canadian fortress. Cov kab sab nraud ntawm kev tiv thaiv zoo ib yam, tab sis muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Hauv Canadian fortress, cov no feem ntau yog cov kab ncaj nraim, thaum nyob ntawm lub fortress ntawm St. Elizabeth, cov kab luv luv, ncaj, thiab maj mam tig mus rau ib leeg.
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab sab nraud ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Daim ntawv yog xyaum tib yam rau ob lub fortresses. Ob leeg nyob ntawd thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm thawj thiab thib ob tiv thaiv kab muaj ditches. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, cov duab ntawm sab nrauv thiab sab hauv kev tiv thaiv kab sib txawv.
Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm lub fortresses lees paub qhov tseeb tias ob lub tsev muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm keeb kwm, thaum lub ntiaj teb-hom kev tiv thaiv tau siv tau ntau dua li cov pob zeb thiab cib fortresses.
