Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm cov lus Lavxias muaj cov morphological tsis tas mus li thiab qee qhov chaw ruaj khov. Ib tug ntawm lawv muaj xws li reflexive thiab non-reflexive hom lus. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, nqa lub xub ntiag los yog tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb reflexive derivational postfixes - -s thiab -sya. Cia peb sim seb nws yog dab tsi thiab siv cov lus qhia li cas.
Reflexivity of verbs
Reflexivity ntawm verbs yog ib pawg grammatical uas yuav qhia cov kev taw qhia lossis tsis yog kev taw qhia ntawm qee lub xeev uas txhais los ntawm cov lus qhia no, lossis kev ua ntawm qee yam kev kawm. Reflexive thiab non-reflexive verbs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab yog conjugated cov ntaub ntawv uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag los yog tsis muaj postfixes -s thiab -sya (reflexive).
Dab tsi rov tshwm sim hauv cov lus qhia tuaj yeem pom hauv qab noPiv txwv li: Tus tub ntxuav thiab npaj txhij. Ib tug txiv neej tham nrog ib tug phooj ywg (cov no yog cov piv txwv ntawm reflexive verbs).
Tus menyuam dev ua si nrog pob thiab khiav mus rau qhov chaw ua si. Nws tau los nag thaum yav tsaus ntuj (qhov no yog ib daim ntawv uas tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm cov lus qhia). Qhov ntawd yog txoj kev qhia lawv sib nrug.
ob peb lo lus muaj txiaj ntsig
Raws li kev ceeb toom ceev, kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas los txhais cov lus tsis txaus siab tsis yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv, nws tuaj yeem txhais tau qee qhov kev ua haujlwm uas yog tsom rau ntawm qhov kev kawm (kev sib sau ua ke, nyeem ib phau ntawv), lub xeev, ib txoj haujlwm hauv qhov chaw, kev ua ntau yam, thiab cov zoo li (xav, zaum, xav.). Non-reflexive verbs tsis suav nrog postfix -s thiab -sya.
Ntxoov lub ntsiab lus
Reflexive verbs muaj peev xwm qhia tau qhov kev txiav txim uas yuav raug coj mus rau ib yam dab tsi (rau ib yam dab tsi ua, hais lus, saib, thiab lwm yam).
Reflexive thiab non-reflexive verbs hauv Lavxias teb sab tuaj yeem tham tsis kawg. Nov yog cov piv txwv ntawm reflexive verbs nrog txawv ntxoov ntawm lub ntsiab lus:
- zoo siab, chim siab, tu siab (denotes lub hlwb los yog lub cev lub xeev ntawm ib yam kev kawm);
- hnav tsoos tsho, tus dev tom, ceg ntoo kub hnyiab (qhia qhov zoo tsis tu ncua lossis khoom ntawm cov khoom);
- hnav khaub ncaws, noj, hnav khau, ua luam dej (kev ua ntawm cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kheej);
- Kuv xav, Kuv xav, nws tau tsaus (tsis yog tus kheejaction);
- puag, sib cav, sib pom (kev sib raug zoo ua los ntawm ntau tus neeg sib raug zoo);
- tidy up, line up, get hold of (ib indirectly recurrent action, which is performed by the subject only in his own interests).
Unforgettable suffixes rau reflexive verbs
Cia peb saib seb qhov kev hloov pauv thiab qhov tsis lees paub txhais tau li cas.
Verbs nyob rau hauv daim ntawv reflexive muaj suffixes:
- sya - tej zaum, ob qho tib si tom qab consonants (coj, ncig, thiab zoo li), thiab tom qab xaus (kawm - kawm, dries - dries, thiab lwm yam));
- s yuav tom qab cov lus (poob, kos, plooj, thiab lwm yam).
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov lus qhia rov qab, tsis yog tsuas yog cov lus kawg nkaus xwb, tab sis cov lus hais ua ntej tseem ceeb heev (nyeem - nyeem, haus - haus cawv). Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm hom no muaj cov tsis yog derivatives. Nws yog lawv leej twg, tsis muaj xwm txheej, siv yam tsis muaj cov lus xaus -s thiab -sya (luag, sib ntaus, nyiam).
Txij thaum tom qab cov lus qhia rov qab, cov lus hais hauv cov lus hais thiab cov npe yeej tsis tau siv, lawv txhua tus intransitive.
No suffixes
Irrevocative verbs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsis muaj suffixes -s thiab -sya. Lawv tuaj yeem yog intransitive (tsim, ua pa, ua si) lossis hloov pauv (hais lus, kos).
ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: ntau cov lus qhia muaj peev xwm ua tautsim los ntawm irrevocable, piv txwv li, ua noj - npaj.
Raws li cov lus hais saum toj no, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias txhawm rau txiav txim siab seb qhov kev hloov pauv thiab hloov tsis tau txhais tau li cas thiab nws yog hom twg, koj yuav tsum nrhiav cov lus xaus uas tau pab hauv kev kawm. Yog hais tias lub suffixes -s (-sya) nyob rau hauv cov lus, ces cov no yog reflexive verbs. Yog tsis yog, ces irrevocable verbs.
Situations sau nyob rau hauv verbs
Yog li, peb twb paub tias cov lus qhia rov qab nrog cov lus tom qab -s thiab -sya. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si uas tsis yog kev sib txuas lus (piv txwv li, luag), thiab tsim los ntawm cov lus hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv (ntxhiab - ntxuav).
Hauv qee qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo thiab cov lus qhia tau tsim los ntawm lawv, peb tab tom tham txog tib yam xwm txheej, piv txwv li: ib yam dab tsi blackens nyob deb thiab ib yam dab tsi blackens nyob deb. Muaj tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias qhov lus qhia tsis tuaj yeem txhais tau li cas thiab nws zoo li "hauv lub neej" los ntawm kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias cov lus qhia hloov pauv thiab tsis tuaj yeem lees paub lub sijhawm sib txawv kiag li.
Ua piv txwv zoo, peb tuaj yeem sau npe hauv qab no: ntxuav - qhov xwm txheej uas muaj ob tus neeg koom (niam ntxuav nws tus ntxhais) thiab ntxuav - qhov xwm txheej uas tsuas muaj ib tus neeg koom (tus ntxhais ntxuav nws lub ntsej muag); Petya ntaus Vanya. Petya thiab Vanya ntaus pob zeb loj (hauv ob qho tib si lawv tab tom tham txog ob tug tub, tab sis cov xwm txheej uas lawv yog cov neeg koom ncaj ncees sib txawv kiag li).
Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv tus kheej, uas tau qhia rau hauv lo lus los ntawm postfixes -sthiab -sya, yog lo lus tsim.
Dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv kab lus?
Thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no tau sau tseg nyob ntawd (peb tab tom tham txog ntau qhov tseem ceeb):
- txhais tau tias muaj nqis - muaj kev lom zem, npau taws, ntshai, zoo siab;
- active-objective meaning - mus tom, taub qab, cog lus (siv cov lus phem);
- reciprocal meaning - sib cav, tso, sib ntsib, puag, hnia;
- tus kheej rov qab lub ntsiab lus - hnav, hnav, hnav, ntsib, hmoov;
- passive-return meaning - yuav tsum nco ntsoov, nco ntsoov;
- indirectly recurrent meaning - sib sau ua ke, stock up, stack, pack;
- passive-qualitative lub ntsiab lus - yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm, nco ntsoov.
Ib qho lus qhia ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev noj -sya los pab, uas yuav ua ke nrog lwm yam morphemes (winking, khiav).
Nws yog nrog lub suab uas qhov kev hloov pauv yuav cuam tshuam (uas yog, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas lub suab tau txhais ntawm qib morphemic, reflexive verbs tsim los ntawm transitive verbs yuav muab tso rau hauv ib lub suab hu ua reflexive-mid).
Daim paib intransitive yog ib qho affix. Kev sib xyaws xws li kuv ntshai txiv, kuv mloog kuv cov kwv tij, uas tuaj yeem pom hauv Lavxias, yuav muaj tsawg thiab tsis yog cai.
No rules - nowhere
Cia peb rov qab mus rau qhov kev qhia tsis raug tshem tawm. Txoj cai hais tias qhov no yog ib qho kev qhia uas tsis muaj postfix -sya. Tab sis nyob rau hauv rov qab no postfixyog tam sim no. Nws thiaj li tshwm sim rau lub sij hawm ntev uas cov tsos ntawm reflexive verbs tau txuam nrog lub npe -sya. Muaj tseeb tiag, thawj zaug nws tau txuas tshwj xeeb rau cov lus qhia hloov pauv (piv txwv li da dej + sya (uas yog, koj tus kheej)=da dej).
Ntau yam lus Lavxias tau muab faib ua ntau pawg.
Irreversible verbs from which the formation of reflexives los - tsim + sya; ntsib + xia; sau - tsis sau, pw - tsis tsaug zog.
Irreversible verbs - noj hmo, teb.
Reflexive verbs - luag, sib ntaus, balk.
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias postfix -sya hauv Lavxias tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sib txawv:
- npaj reflexive verbs uas txawv los ntawm kev tsim cov lus uas tsis yog reflexive nyob rau hauv cov lus lexical (zam txim - hais goodbye);
- daim ntawv reflexive ntawm verbs (tig dawb).
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias qee cov lus qhia hauv -sya muaj cov lus sib txuas ua ke (kom npog - npog tus kheej).
Kev faib cov lus qhia rau hauv kev hloov pauv thiab tsis thim rov qab tau tsim ua lus Lavxias kiag li tsis hais txog lawv txoj kev faib mus rau hauv kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, lub suab thiab tsis yog kev xav. Nws tsis coincide nrog ib los yog lwm yam ib puas feem pua, tab sis yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev twb kev txuas nrog cov pawg ntawm transitivity thiab lub suab: -sya sawv cev rau intransitiveness ntawm cov lus qhia, tab sis tsuas yog daim ntawv reflexive muaj peev xwm muab lub suab correlativity.
Thiab kawg
Cia tham me ntsis txog cov lus qhia thiab suav nrog kev sib tham tsim txiaj.
Verbs yog cov lus uas txhais lub ntsiab lus ntawm qee qhov txheej txheem, uas yog, muaj peev xwm qhia cov cim qhia los ntawm lawv li qee yam kev ua (hais, nyeem, sau), xeev (sab, dhia) lossis dhau los (tau qub).
Dhau li ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus sib txuas, cov lus qhia muaj cov ntawv tsis yog syntactic reflexive thiab non-reflexive forms thiab nam form. Los ntawm txoj kev lawv qhia cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog syntactic, cov lus qhia tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab lus uas muaj nyob hauv qee qhov kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg.
Qhov kev vam khom ntawm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus qhia rau hauv qhov tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab thiab rov qab hais lus nyob rau hauv qhov uas lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tau hais los yog, hloov pauv, tsis qhia hauv lawv.
Reflexive - verbs nyob rau hauv uas muaj grammatically qhia intransitive. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv zoo kawg nkaus qhia tau tias cov txheej txheem qhia los ntawm lawv tuaj yeem tig mus rau ib qho khoom ncaj qha, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm lub npe hauv qhov kev liam tsis muaj preposition. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog cov lus - npau taws, ntsib, ntxuav, khob, hnav.
Irreversible verbs muaj qee qhov sib txawv: lawv tsis muaj qhov qhia txog tus txheej txheem intransitive. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho kev hloov pauv: hnav khaub ncaws (tus ntxhais), ntxhov siab (niam txiv), ntsib (cov qhua), thiab kev hloov pauv: tub sab, khob.
