Geology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab hauv. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog ntau cov lus qhia. Ib tug geologist yog ib tug neeg uas kawm sab hauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Keeb kwm ntawm lo lus "geology"
Los ntawm Greek lo lus "geology" yog txhais ua "lub ntiaj teb" thiab "kev kawm". Thaum pib, lo lus "geology" - kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov cai thiab kev cai ntawm lub ntiaj teb - tau tawm tsam lo lus "kev ntseeg" - kev tshawb fawb ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej.
Thaum lo lus no tshwm sim, tsis muaj hnub tim. Qee tus ntseeg tias lo lus no tau tshwm sim hauv 1603, thiab tau siv los ntawm Italian kws tshawb fawb Ulisse Aldrovandi. Lwm tus ntseeg tias lo lus tau qhia hauv 1657 los ntawm Norwegian tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tus neeg kawm txog lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb, Mikkel Pederson Esholt, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1778 nws tau siv los ntawm Jean André Deluc. Lo lus thaum kawg tau siv rau xyoo 1779 ua tsaug rau Horace Benedict de Saussure.
Keeb kwm, lo lus "gegnosy" tseem siv, nws tau thov los ntawm German geologists G. Fueksel thiab AG. Werner. Lo lus poob rau hauv kev tsis siv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Sections of geology
Geology yog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yoglos txiav txim qhov sib lawv liag ntawm geological txheej xwm. Kev tshawb fawb Geological tau muab faib ua peb qhov tseem ceeb:
- Descriptive geology - kawm txog kev tso kawm, muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm lub cev geological, pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm pob zeb.
- Dynamic geology - cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem geological - kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb, kev thauj mus los, sib sau ntawm cov sediments, txav ntawm lub ntiaj teb crusts, volcanic eruptions, av qeeg.
- Historical geology - kawm txog cov txheej txheem hauv geological yav dhau los.
Txhua cov lus qhia ua raws li nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev tshawb fawb. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev paub tshiab, ntu ntawm geology tau nthuav dav, thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no:
- Crustal sciences.
- Science of modern geological processes.
- Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm cov txheej txheem geological.
- Kev qhuab qhia.
- Regional geology.
Profession geologist
Feem ntau txoj haujlwm no cuam tshuam nrog kev sib hlub ntawm kev mus ncig, hluav taws kub hnyiab thiab cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag, tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws ntau yam. Ib tug neeg uas kawm txog lub plab hnyuv hauv ntiaj teb muaj kev paub raws li ntu uas nws ua haujlwm. Qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob ntawm ntu ntawm geology thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov no tuaj yeem yog expeditions - txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog cov creation ntawm tej yaam num los yog kev tshawb fawb tej hauj lwm - tsom xam ntawm qhov tau txaiscov ntaub ntawv hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Petroleum geologist txoj haujlwm muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav roj lossis roj av. Ib tug volcanologist yog tus kws tshaj lij uas kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Dab tsi yog qhov prospecting geologist nrhiav? Nws feem ntau nyiam cov zaub mov thiab cov zaub mov. Hauv kev tsim kho, kev paub txog engineering geology yog xav tau.
Geology hauv Russia
Txij thaum ub, "cov miners" thiab "miners" ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Urals thiab Altai. Lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab rho tawm cov hlau thiab tooj liab ores, lub pov haum thiab lwm yam minerals.
Lomonosov yog ib tug txiv neej uas kawm txog lub plab zom mov ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws tau tso lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntawm Lavxias teb sab geology, yog li zam qhov yuam kev ntawm Western European cov kws tshawb fawb.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam mining pib, cov khoom siv rau kev ua tiav yog xav tau. Txog rau qhov kawg no, kev tshawb nrhiav haujlwm tau pib hauv Urals, Sab Hnub Tuaj Siberia thiab Transcaucasia. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm geological ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Transcaucasia, deposits ntawm roj, hlau, tooj liab, lead, nyiaj, thiab ntxhia dej qhov chaw twb nrhiav tau.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam roj tau pab rau kev tshawb fawb ntxaws hauv Donets Basin.
Lavxias teb sab geologists, tsis zoo li Western European sawv daws, nws tus kheej tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov kub placers. Lawv qhov chaw tsim muaj cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov leeg kub.
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb nrhiav haujlwm hauv European ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws tau muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv rau kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm cov qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Plain.
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab qhia chaw saum toj kawg nkaus, thawj daim duab qhia chaw geological pib tsim. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th muajthawj daim ntawv qhia petrographic tau tsim.
Hauv xyoo 1882 Pawg Geological tau tsim. Kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Lavxias Plain pib. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm txoj hauj lwm no, ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv geology tshwm sim - paleogeography - ib tug science uas kawm lub cev thiab climatic tej yam kev mob ntawm lub geological yav dhau los.
Kev ua haujlwm tab tom kawm los kawm cov suab puam, Siberia thiab Central Asia.
geology hauv Soviet Union
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Soviet lub sijhawm, geology ntawm USSR tau txais kev txhim kho dynamic thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, kev tshawb fawb geological tau npog ntau dua 35% ntawm lub teb chaws thaj chaw. Los ntawm 1945, nws twb them 66% ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev.
Kev Tshawb Fawb tau teeb tsa rau Kola Peninsula, Taimyr Peninsula, Polar Urals, Pechora Basin, Gorny Altai thiab lwm thaj chaw.
Cov poov tshuaj ntsev tso ntawm Solikamsk thiab Bereznyakov tau tshawb pom - ib qho ntawm cov nyiaj tso nyiaj loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav cov roj av tau pib hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Volga thiab Urals. Sib sib zog nqus drilling yielded kwj dej.
Nrog rau mining engineers, geologists ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim uas kawm lub ntiaj teb crust.
Dab tsi yog geologist nrhiav hnub no? Yuav luag tag nrho cov deposits loj yog nrhiav tau thiab tshawb nrhiav. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv mus kawm thiab txhawb kev paub txog geology. Ntau cov lus nug tau teb, thaum lwm tus tseem tsis tau teb. Nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev, ib tug neeg kawm txog lub plab zom mov ntawm lub ntiaj teb koscov ntaub ntawv, tab sis cov lus teb tshiab tsuas yog tsim cov lus nug tshiab.
