Kev hais lus yog daim npav hu rau tus neeg. Nws yuav qhia koj lub hnub nyoog, qib kev kawm, xwm txheej thiab txawm tias nyiam. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov kws sau ntawv txaus siab siv cov yam ntxwv hais lus hauv lawv cov haujlwm. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo ntxiv rau cov ntawv sau ntawm tus phab ej.
tseem ceeb dua li lawv hais
Maxim Gorky pom tias ntau zaus tshaj qhov tsis yog cov cim hais tias tseem ceeb, tab sis lawv ua li cas. Qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog kev txiav txim, tab sis yam ntxwv. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab lus tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "tus cwj pwm hais lus" yog qhov xwm ntawm tus cwj pwm cov lus, cov xim intonational thiab stylistic xim ntawm nws cov lus tsim.
Cov cuab yeej piv txwv no ua haujlwm li cas? Lub rhetoric ntawm cov cim characterizes tus kheej, ua rau cov duab qhia thiab nco, pab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm tawm tsam lwm yam cim, thiab qhia lub hlwb thiab lub siab lub ntsws lub xeev ntawm tus hero.
Yuav tsum muaj rau txhais tau tias
Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv los tsim cov yam ntxwv hais lus yogkev siv cov lus Askiv thiab lus slang, professionalism thiab clericalism, suav nrog kev tsim kho uas cuam tshuam kev hais lus. Qhov no kuj yog ib qho kev qhia txog kev hais lus ntawm cov cim ntawm cov lus hais, tso dag, allegories, diminutives. Kev hais lus tuaj yeem nrawm lossis qeeb, txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus txawv txawv, qib ntim.
" ntsev " yog dab tsi
Lub cim qhia qhov txawv ntawm tus phab ej los ntawm lwm cov cim tuaj yeem yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tus yam ntxwv tsuas yog rau nws, cov lus thiab cov lus qhia, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv Ostap Bender, tus phab ej ntawm cov dab neeg los ntawm Ilf thiab Petrov. Lwm cov cim tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev hais lus tsis zoo uas ntxiv cov txuj lom rau cov duab. Qhov no yog li cas Colonel Nai-Tours los ntawm Bulgakov's "White Guard" burrs, tus ntxim nyiam npeeg Stapleton lisps los ntawm zaj dab neeg "The Hound of the Baskervilles" los ntawm Conan Doyle, thiab Erast Fandorin stutters me ntsis hauv Boris Akunin's detective novels.
Comedy "Undergrowth": kev hais lus yam ntxwv ntawm cov cim
Kev ua si los ntawm Denis Fonvizin "Undergrowth" yog thawj Lavxias teb sab comedy ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm classicism. Nyob rau hauv 1782, nws yeej tau dhau mus rau theem ntawm Karl Kniper Theatre hauv St. Petersburg, tom qab ntawd nws tau luam tawm thiab mus txog 4 phau ntawv thaum tus sau lub neej.
Comedy tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm classicism thiab tsom rau kev kho cov kev phem ntawm lub zej zog. Kev ua si kom meej meej faib tag nrho cov cim rau hauv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Nws ua raws li lub trinity ntawm qhov chaw, kev ua thiab lub sijhawm. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog lub npe "hais lus" thiab lub npe ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam "Undergrowth" thiab cov yam ntxwv hais lusheroes.
Cov lus hais lus zoo nkauj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Fonvizin, uas yog tus neeg koom nrog tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ib hom lus Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.
Author's credo
Cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus phab ej zoo ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Fonvizin lub sijhawm yog tag nrho ntawm cov phau ntawv hloov pauv thiab cov kev tsim kho cumbersome syntactic. Denis Ivanovich tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau qhov kev lig kev cai no. Tseem tshuav bookish, cov lus hais ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws heroes ntawm nws comedy - Starodum, Sophia, Milon, Pravdin - kub hnyiab nrog rau qhov tseeb, hwm, kev ncaj ncees, intolerance rau lwm yam. Yog li kev hais lus ntawm cov cim qhia txog kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tus sau, uas yog tawm tsam kev tswj hwm ntawm kev tswj hwm lub voj voog.
Lub rhetoric ntawm Starodum, qhov hloov pauv ego ntawm Fonvizin nws tus kheej, yog aphoristic thiab figurative. Nws cov lus hais sai sai no tau tawg mus rau hauv cov lus hais: "Muaj lub siab, muaj tus ntsuj plig, thiab koj yuav yog ib tug txiv neej txhua lub sijhawm", "Golden blockhead yog tag nrho cov blockhead" thiab lwm tus.
Starodum kev sib tham nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej hais lus, piv txwv li, hauv kev sib tham nrog Prostakova thiab Skotinin, nws siv cov lus hais tsis zoo.
Vim li cas peb luag: nta ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov neeg tsis zoo
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov lus hais ntawm cov cim tsis zoo ntawm "Ungrowth" yog txaus nyiam nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev: nws muaj ntau yam yooj yim, pej xeem cov lus, muaj yeeb yuj phraseological units.
Zoo kawg nkaus hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Undergrowth" yog tus cwj pwm hais lus ntawm Prostakova. Tus sau ntawm ib qho kev ua yeeb yam tsuas yog cov cim cov kab hauv Tshuag txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawmarrogance thiab ignorance ntawm niam Mitrofanushka. Cov lus hais lus phem, tsis muaj kev qhia, hais txog kev txawj ntse thiab sab ntsuj plig kev txom nyem ntawm tus heroine. Nws hais tias "qhov twg", "tej zaum", "tsuas yog", "tsis yog sab plhu", "saib-tka" sib xyaw nrog cov lus cog tseg: "beast", "tua", "mug", "scumbag", "snout", "tub sab tub nyiag", "dub tus ntxhais", thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, tus cwj pwm hais lus ntawm Prostakova qhia txog kev rudeness, depravity, cruelty ntawm tus cwj pwm.
Nrog rau cov lus hais thiab cov lus hais, tus tswv av kuj siv cov nqe lus hauv phau ntawv: "tsab ntawv nyiam", "zaj dab neeg ncaj ncees". Cov txheej txheem no tsis yog tsuas yog kev lom zem xwb, nws tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav qhov kev ntseeg tau zoo hauv cov duab ntawm Prostakova, uas nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus qhia tau hais tias tus sau tau paub zoo txog cov lus ntawm cov nom tswv xeev.
Jests, proverbs thiab puns yog tag nrho ntawm cov nqe lus los ntawm Mitrofanushka thiab Skotinin. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no tsis ua rau lawv nyiam cov cim txhua. Cov lus hais lus ntxhib thiab hais lus tsis zoo sib cuam tshuam nrog cov lus pej xeem siv ib lub hom phiaj - thuam thiab rau txim rau cov cim tsis zoo.
Vaj lus ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj
Skotinin tus cwj pwm hais lus yog qhov txawv ntawm "zoological" tinge: " npua", " npua", "los" yog nws cov lus nyiam. Nws pronounces lawv nrog rhiab thiab kev khav theeb, feem ntau personifying nws tus kheej nrog cov inhabitants ntawm lub barnyard. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas NV Gogol tau hais txog Skotinin tias npua rau nws yog tib yam li cov duab kos duab rau cov neeg nyiam kos duab. Nyob rau hauv lub lexicon ntawm tus tswv av feudal, cov lus sib tham yog sib xyaw ua ke (tag kis, uas,eka zoo siab) nrog clericalisms los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lub xeev cov koom haum: "kev thov", "tso los ntawm ib tug neeg." Skotinin tsis sawv ntawm kev ua koob tsheej nrog cov tub qhe lossis nrog nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv: "Kuv yuav rhuav nws zoo li ntuj txiag teb tsaus."
txiv hmab txiv ntoo phem
Mitrofan zoo li "tus xibfwb" tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm nws cov txheeb ze, vim cov xibfwb ua haujlwm nrog nws. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj yog ib nrab kev kawm, thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov undergrowth tawm ntau yam uas xav tau. Lub rooj hais lus tus yam ntxwv hauv daim duab muab tswv yim rau peb txog cov kws qhia ntawv tsis muaj hnub nyoog.
Bubblehead thiab tub nkeeg, Mitrofanushka hais lus yooj yim thiab tsis zoo: "Kuv taug kev zoo li vwm … txhua hmo ntev cov khib nyiab nce rau hauv kuv ob lub qhov muag." Cov lus hais ntawm tus tub noble yog comical vim yog ruam thiab tsis paub ntawv. Nws hais txog lub npe "qhov rooj" tias nws yog "adjective" vim nws sawv "txuas rau nws qhov chaw" rau "rau lub lis piam". Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, tus tub tsis muaj siab tsis teb rau nws niam txoj kev hu, txhuam nws tawm: "Mus tawm!" Tus sau tsim cov duab ntawm Mitrofanushka ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas pernicious tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov txiv neej siab phem thiab unenlightened niam txiv yog rau cov me nyuam yaus, cov yeeb yam ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab nws cov cwj pwm hais lus hais txog qhov no.
Raws li cov cim cua daj cua dub hais
Zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Thunderstorm" los ntawm A. N. Ostrovsky tau tshwm sim yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab, thaum cov nom tswv paub txog kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab. Lub suab tawm tsam ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, ntawm lwm cov lus qhia, tus cwj pwm hais lus. Cua daj cua dub nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntsuj plig ntawm cov cim yog amazingly nthuav qhia los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov heroes tawm tsam ib leeg.
Replicaslos ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj
Lub ntiaj teb tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm lub nroog yawg suab ntawm Kalinov tshwm sim ua ntej tus nyeem ntawv hauv kev hais lus ntawm Kabanikha thiab Dikiy. Lub tom kawg yog hu ua "scold", dab tsi ntxiv mus nrhiav. Nws cov lus yog txhoj puab heev thiab frankly tsis paub. Tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus cwj pwm yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws hais lus txawv teb chaws hauv nws tus kheej.
Kabanikha cov lus yog tag nrho ntawm Domostroy cov lus. Nws feem ntau siv lub siab xav, tsis txhob zam cov lus cog tseg. Nrog rau kev hais lus tsis zoo thiab kev thuam hauv nws cov lus, muaj lub siab xav ua siab zoo thiab txawm tias tsis zoo siab rau tib neeg, kom muaj kev khuv leej thiab kev lees paub. Yog li kev hais lus pab tus sau los ua tus neeg siab phem.
hais lus zoo li ib zaj nkauj
Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - Katerina - hais lus ntawm pej xeem paj huam, hauv nws cov lus hais lus yog sib txuam nrog cov lus ntawm pawg ntseeg cov ntawv nyeem. Katerina cov lus hais tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov duab thiab kev xav, nws muaj ntau yam kev tsim kho me me. Nws nthuav tawm tus cwj pwm sib sib zog nqus thiab txawv tshaj plaw. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib tham nrog cov neeg ntawm tib tiam neeg li Katerina. Cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cynical Barbara hais lus luv luv, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm mundane worldly kev txawj ntse thiab practicality, sib xyaw nrog cov lus dag. Kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj ncaj ncees Boris, npaj siab tiv thaiv nws tus txiv ntxawm Diky, yog "mob" nrog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej-flagellation. Nws sab hauv monologues denounce ib tug zoo, tab sis cowardly tus neeg. Qhov no yog txhawb los ntawm kev txais tos ntawm inversion nyob rau hauv cov lus hais ntawm tus hero, uas ib txwm nyob ntawmxwm txheej thiab tsis paub tswj nws tus kheej lub neej.
Capacitive hais lus strokes rau portraits ntawm tus phab ej
Tikhon cov lus hais lus tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj paj huam, qhov no yog tus cwj pwm tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj ntsuj plig. Ua tib zoo nrog nws niam, Tikhon ua siab tawv hauv kev sib tham nrog lwm tus.
Ib tus cim cim hauv kev ua si yog Feklusha. Cov ntsiab lus sib cuam tshuam nrog lub Koom Txoos Slavonicisms ntawm nws cov lus qhia txog qhov tsis tseeb uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev ntseeg ntawm Vajtswv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Kalinov.
Kev hais lus sib luag thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm Kuligin, tus kws qhia tus kheej, qhia tus cwj pwm zoo, muaj kev npau suav ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej zoo dua rau lub nroog. Tus neeg tsim khoom lub ntsiab lus yog qhov txawv ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo, yog tias nws siv cov lus sib tham, ces nws yog cov organic heev thiab nyob rau hauv moderation. Kuligin cov lus tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau poetic lem thaum nws qhuas qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo hero ntawm ua yeeb yam, uas nws txoj kev ntseeg thiab muaj tswv yim impulse yog tsis txaus siab.
Lawv yuav ciaj sia
Qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm tsim cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kws sau ntawv txawj ntse. Cov phab ej ntawm lawv cov phau ntawv tsim qhov tseeb tshiab thiab nco qab los ntawm cov neeg nyeem tau ntev.
