Lub tshuab-tsev complex yog cov txheej txheem ntawm qee qhov kev lag luam, cov khoom lag luam uas muaj ntau lub tshuab thiab cov tshuab. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev tsim no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev sib txuas nyuaj heev.
Lub tshuab-tsev complex, uas nws cov qauv yog dav, suav nrog txhua yam engineering nws tus kheej, nrog rau kev ua hlau. Cov khoom ntawm cov lag luam ntawm qhov complex no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov kev ua tiav tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Ntxiv mus, qhov no muaj tseeb rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws.
qauv ntawm kev lag luam engineering
Qhov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws no muab tag nrho lub tebchaws kev lag luam ntawm lub tebchaws nrog cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv. Rau cov pejxeem, nws tsim ntau yam khoom siv. Lub tshuab-tsev complex suav nrog kev kho cov cuab yeej siv thiab tshuab, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm hlau. Cov yam ntxwv rau nws yog qhov tob zuj zus ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Lub tshuab-tsev complex suav nrog ntau tshaj xya caum kev lag luam. Thiab tag nrho lawvua ke rau hauv pawg raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab hom khoom siv raw siv.
Lub tshuab-tsev complex suav nrog:
1. Zog thiab hnyav engineering. Qhov no suav nrog kev tsim hluav taws xob, kev tuav cov khoom siv thiab mining, luam ntawv thiab cov khoom siv nuclear, railcar, turbine thiab diesel locomotive tsev.
2. Tshuab cuab tam kev lag luam, lub luag hauj lwm rau zus tau tej cov ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej tshuab.
3. Kev thauj mus los engineering, uas suav nrog kev lag luam rau kev tsim tsheb thiab nkoj, nrog rau cov uas muaj feem xyuam rau aviation thiab foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw lag luam.
4. Tsheb laij teb thiab kev ua liaj ua teb engineering.
5. Instrumentation, tsim hluav taws xob engineering thiab electronics, uas yog xam precision engineering.
6. Kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab khoom siv rau zaub mov thiab kev lag luam teeb.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib tawm saum toj no, lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm suav nrog me me metallurgy, koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom dov thiab hlau. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis no tau ua tiav hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov cheeb tsam zoo li no nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsim los yog cov chaw lag luam tshwj xeeb. Nws tsim stampings, castings, forgings thiab welded lug.
Heavy engineering
Txhua cov nroj tsuag hauv kev lag luam no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv hlau ntau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muab kev lag luam ntsig txog kev tsuas thiab tshuaj lom neeg, mining, roj thiab lub zog thiab metallurgical complex nrog cov tshuab tsim nyog thiab khoom siv.
Cov khoom ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hnyavmechanical engineering yog cov khoom, qhov chaw (piv txwv li, yob rau metallurgical rolling machine), nrog rau cov khoom tiav (turbines thiab chav boilers, excavators, mining khoom). Qhov kev lag luam no suav nrog kaum sub-sectors. Ntawm lawv yog hoisting thiab thauj, khiav, nuclear, luam ntawv, mining thiab metallurgical engineering, nrog rau diesel, tsheb, turbo thiab boiler tsev.
Cov khoom lag luam tus nqi siab tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuab hnyav yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau. Lawv tau nruab nrog hluav taws xob smelting thiab blast furnaces, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag sinter. Cov khoom siv rau crushing, sib tsoo thiab dov kev lag luam kuj txawv ntawm tus nqi siab.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov tuam txhab mining engineering yog cov khoom siv rau kev tshawb nrhiav, nrog rau kev tsuas (qhib thiab kaw txoj kev), enrichment thiab crushing ntawm minerals nrog ib tug ruaj khov qauv. Cov no muaj xws li shearers thiab tunneling tshuab, taug kev thiab teb excavators. Cov cuab yeej siv no yog siv hauv cov chaw lag luam uas tsis yog-ferrous thiab ferrous metallurgy, thee thiab tshuaj industries, nrog rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
Kev lag luam tseem ceeb heev rau kev lag luam hauv teb chaws ntawm lub teb chaws muaj cov khoom tsim los ntawm hoisting thiab thauj engineering. Tom qab tag nrho, txog tsib lab tus tib neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej zoo li no hauv Russia. Qhov no sub-sector tsim hluav taws xob thiab nyiaj siv ua haujlwm cranes, siv thiab cov khoom siv nyob ruaj ruaj, nrog rau cov khoom tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam.thaj chaw.
Cov khoom ntawm lub tsheb thiab diesel locomotive lub tsev yog tsim los muab txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau nrog kev thauj nws xav tau. Qhov kev lag luam me no tseem tsim cov txheej txheem kev tsim nyog rau kev tsheb nqaj hlau vuam, tso, tshem tawm daus thiab lwm yam haujlwm.
Raws li lub tsev turbine, nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws nrog cov khoom tsim nyog. Cov nroj tsuag ntawm no sub-sector tsim units rau nuclear thiab hydraulic, roj turbine thiab thermal fais fab nroj tsuag. Nws kuj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov kav dej thiab muab cov tshuaj txhaj, compressor thiab cov khoom pov tseg siv hauv cov roj refining thiab tshuaj industries, nrog rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab ferrous metallurgy.
Nuclear engineering nroj tsuag tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Daim ntawv teev npe no kuj suav nrog lub nkoj reactors.
Lub tshuab luam ntawv lub tsev yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev tsim khoom. Nws cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov khoom siv rau lub tsev luam ntawv, tshuab luam ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
tshuab kev lag luam
Cov ceg ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm tsim:
- metalworking tools;
- forging and pressing equipment;
- hlau txiav machine;
- khoom siv ntoo.
Ntxiv rau kev tsim cov khoom tiav, qhov kev lag luam no tseem yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev kho nruab nrab ntawm cov chav siv rau kev ua hlau.
Kev thauj mus losMechanical Engineering
Ib qho ntawm nws cov kev lag luam yog kev lag luam aviation. Rau kev tsim cov khoom, cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntau yam khoom siv tau siv, ua nyob rau hauv cov lag luam ntawm yuav luag txhua ceg ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex. Cov nroj tsuag kev lag luam aviation ntiav cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog uas tsim cov khoom thauj thiab cov neeg caij dav hlau. Helicopters ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho kuj tseem tawm hauv cov khoom siv ntawm cov tuam txhab no.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw lag luam yog orbital rockets thiab manned thiab cargo ships. Cov tsheb no yog kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab dav hla kev lag luam nyuaj.
Lub nkoj tsim kev lag luam siv cov hlau loj hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm lawv cov khoom. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov kev tso kawm yog nqa tawm sab nraum cov cheeb tsam nrog loj metallurgical puag. Qhov no yog vim muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev thauj cov nkoj tiav. Kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam shipbuilding muaj ntau txoj kev sib koom tes nrog cov chaw tsim khoom hauv ntau lub teb chaws kev lag luam. Qhov no tso cai rau kev teeb tsa ntau yam khoom siv ntawm cov tsheb thauj dej.
Cov ceg loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm yog kev lag luam tsheb. Nws cov khoom yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub tsheb kuj tseem xav tau hauv khw muag khoom.
Tsheb laij teb thiab kev ua liaj ua tebMechanical Engineering
Qhov kev lag luam no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev nthuav dav tshwj xeeb. Ib tug me me ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tau koom nrog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm nws cov khoom, tsim cov khoom thiab cov khoom rau ntau theem ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.
Tsheb laij teb thiab tshuab ua liaj ua teb tsim ntau hom kev sib txuas. Cov no suav nrog flax thiab grain harvesters, paj rwb thiab pob kws harvesters, qos yaj ywm harvesters thiab lwm yam tshuab. Ntau yam kev hloov kho ntawm lub log thiab kab ntsig tsheb laij teb kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm qhov kev lag luam no.
Instrument thiab hluav taws xob kev lag luam
Cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv cov kev lag luam no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab cov khoom siv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov kev tso tawm yuav tsum xaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb.
Cov cuab yeej ua cov nroj tsuag nqa tawm kev hloov kho thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv automation. Lawv cov dej num suav nrog kev tsim kho software, tsim thiab tsim khoom siv kho mob, saib, khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab ntsuas cov khoom siv. Cov khoom zoo li no yog kev tshawb fawb ntau thiab siv rau kev tswj tsis siv neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm.
Lavxias teb sab chaw ua haujlwm uas yog ib feem ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob engineering tam sim no tsim ntau tshaj li ib puas txhiab yam khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom.
Cov khoom no yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam. Qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xobkev lag luam, tshaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom uas yog tsim los ntawm tag nrho cov ceg ntawm hnyav engineering nyob rau hauv lub aggregate. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no yog sawv cev los ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob rau hydraulic, roj thiab chav turbines, nrog rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, electrothermal, hluav taws xob vuam thiab cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo.
Machinery rau zaub mov thiab kev lag luam teeb
Qhov kev tsim khoom no suav nrog cov haujlwm me me uas tsim cov khoom siv rau knitwear thiab textile, khau thiab khaub ncaws, pluab thiab tawv, kev lag luam zaub mov. Qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag no nyob ntawm qhov ze rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Role hauv kev lag luam hauv tebchaws
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex yuav tsis tuaj yeem overestimated. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov kev lag luam no yog ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam hnyav ntawm Lavxias Federation. Ntawm cov chaw lag luam ntawm qhov chaw no, cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab feem ntau muaj zog ntawm cov cuab tam ruaj khov yog tsim, uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev coj ua thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ntawm qhov loj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev loj hlob, nrog rau ntau lwm qhov ntsuas uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Russia yog ntau tshaj li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Ob feem tsib ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom ua haujlwm ntawm cov lag luam hauv cheeb tsam no ntawm kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Ntawm no, yuav luagib lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov khoom muaj nqis ruaj khov ntawm kev tsim khoom muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm hauv lub neej ntawm thaj tsam loj ntawm Russia yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ntxiv mus, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lag luam. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex kom ntseeg tau tias muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv Russia kuj zoo heev.
Qhov txawv ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam
Lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Russia muaj kev sib tshuam kev lag luam thoob plaws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev kawm no muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta. Lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv siab thaum nrhiav ntau yam kev lag luam hauv ib cheeb tsam.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov ceg ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm tau tsim tshwj xeeb. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv cov lag luam tau tsom mus rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ib qho, lossis, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, ntau hom khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug siab concentration yog pom. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho tshuab, thaum ntau lub tuam txhab ua haujlwm ib txhij koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom tiav. Piv txwv li, lub tuam txhab tsheb. Nws cov khoom tsuas yog tsheb xwb.
Tsim nyog rau kev tsim tsheb, xws li cov nroj tsuag tau txais cov khoom npaj ua tiav thiab cov khoom los ntawm lwm lub lag luam, cov naj npawb ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem loj heev. Qhov no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev thauj mus los zoo. Yog li ntawd, ntau ceg ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Volga thiab Central Russia. Tom qab tag nrho, cov cheeb tsam no muaj qhov zootsim kev thauj mus los network.
Lub geography ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Russia, uas tsom mus rau zus tau tej cov complex thiab loj cov khoom (electronics thiab xov tooj cua engineering), yog txuam nrog rau science-intensive yam. Tias yog vim li cas xws li kev lag luam nyob ze Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntawd yog, ze rau cov chaw uas muaj kev tshawb fawb zoo.
Lub tshuab-tsim complex, uas nws cov khoom muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ua tub rog-tseem ceeb, raws li txoj cai, nyob hauv lub nroog "kaw". Cov no yog Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, thiab lwm yam. Qee lub sij hawm xws li cov chaw tsim khoom nyob ze cov tub rog hauv paus.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm uas cuam tshuam nws txoj kev loj hlob suav nrog kev muaj tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Yog li, cov kev lag luam uas siv zog ntau tshaj plaws yog cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab ntsuas ntsuas. Tias yog vim li cas xws li cov chaw tsim khoom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov pejxeem, uas yog, nyob rau hauv Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, thiab lwm yam.
Thaum lub sijhawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam txhab engineering hnyav, lawv cov khoom siv siab tau raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Ntau cov hlau yuav tsum tau tsim cov khoom hauv cov kev lag luam no. Tsuas yog muaj, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov khoom siv fais fab. Cov tuam txhab zoo sib xws nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Urals (Yekaterinburg), Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). Qhov no yog vim qhov loj metallurgical puag muaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Qee lub sij hawm hnyav engineering lag luam raug coj los ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Muajhauv St. Petersburg.
Muaj cov tshuab zoo li no uas tsuas yog qee thaj tsam tau ntsib qhov xav tau. Qhov no siv, piv txwv li, rau cov ntoo thauj cov tsheb laij teb thiab cov txiv ntoo qoob loo. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no tsis yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los, txhais tau tias nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim nyob qhov twg yog qhov xav tau.
Kev nyuaj siab
Kev txhim kho ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm tau qeeb qeeb txij li xyoo 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los. Qee lub tuam txhab tau kaw yooj yim, lwm tus tau txo qhov ntim ntawm lawv cov khoom. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, tshuab ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau cov khoom siv engineering tshwj xeeb tau txo qis. Dab tsi yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau txoj haujlwm no? Nws nteg nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm peb cov khoom, uas tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov khoom lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, muaj ib tug so nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau lawm kev sib raug zoo uas yav tas los muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm lub teb chaws.
Cov teeb meem ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex dag nyob rau hauv siab hnav thiab tsim kua muag ntawm cov cuab yeej. Raws li kev txheeb cais, nws nce mus txog yuav luag 70%. Cov xwm txheej no muaj nyob rau hauv qhov nyoob hoom qav taub thiab nkoj tsim, nrog rau hauv xov tooj cua hluav taws xob. Lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab hauv tshuab tsim cov nroj tsuag yog kwv yees li 20 xyoo. Qhov no tsis pub siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam. Niaj hnub no, ntau ceg ntawm mechanical engineering xav tau ib tug radical modernization ntawm cov cuab yeej. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv cov khoomua kev sib tw hauv kev ua lag luam.
Ntau lub tuam txhab txawv teb chaws pab txhawb qhov xwm txheej hnyav. Kev nkag mus rau hauv peb lub lag luam, cov koom haum zoo li no nce qib ntawm kev sib tw.
Lwm qhov teeb meem hnyav hauv kev lag luam engineering yog qhov tsis muaj neeg ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia cov peev txheej ua haujlwm uas muaj nyob hauv USSR tsuas yog rhuav tshem. Txog niaj hnub no, lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse tau nce mus txog hnub nyoog so haujlwm. Vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho tshiab ntawm kev tsim tshuab tsim tau qeeb qeeb. Tab sis qhov teeb meem tsis txaus ntseeg no tau txhim kho me ntsis ua tsaug rau cov peev txheej. Cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab tab tom tsim thiab twb tau tsim, cov tuam txhab qub tau rov tsim dua tshiab, cov tshiab tau tsim thiab cov kev sib raug zoo uas twb muaj lawm tau rov qab los.
