Sab Hnub Poob Siberian Plain belongs rau hom accumulative thiab yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws low-daj plain nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Geographically, nws belongs rau West Siberian phaj. Ntawm nws thaj chaw muaj thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Kazakhstan. Cov qauv tectonic ntawm West Siberian Plain yog tsis meej thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Tectonic cov qauv ntawm Russia
Russia nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Eurasia, thaj av loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, uas suav nrog ob feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb - Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia. Cov ntsiab lus cardinal yog sib cais los ntawm cov qauv tectonic ntawm lub roob Ural. Daim ntawv qhia ua kom pom kev pom cov qauv geological ntawm lub tebchaws. Tectonic zoning faib thaj chaw ntawm Russia mus rau hauv xws li geological ntsiab xws li platforms thiab folded cheeb tsam. Cov qauv geological ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog topography ntawm qhov chaw. Tectonic structures thiab landforms nyob ntawm seb thaj chaw twg lawv nyob.
Nrog Russia muaj ntau thaj chaw geological. Tectonic qauv ntawm Russiasawv cev los ntawm platforms, folds siv thiab roob systems. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, yuav luag txhua qhov chaw tau dhau los ua txheej txheem folding.
Lub platform tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws yog East Europe, Siberian, West Siberian, Pechora thiab Scythian. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua toj siab, lowlands thiab plains.
Ural-Mongolian, Mediterranean thiab Pacific tau koom nrog hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlua khi. Roob systems nyob rau hauv Russia - lub Greater Caucasus, Altai, Western thiab Eastern Sayans, Verkhoyansk Range, Ural Roob, Chersky Range, Sikhote-Alin. Qhia tau tias lawv tau tsim li cas, stratigraphic table.
Cov qauv tectonic, thaj av ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab muaj ntau yam ntawm morphology, geomorphology, keeb kwm thiab orography.
Geological qauv ntawm Russia
Txoj haujlwm ntawm daim phiaj lithospheric uas tau pom niaj hnub no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho geological mus ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub lithosphere, thaj chaw loj ntawm thaj av yog qhov txawv, uas sib txawv ntawm txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb sib txawv, lawv qhov tshwm sim thiab cov txheej txheem geological. Thaum lub sij hawm geotectonic zoning, kev saib xyuas yog them rau qib ntawm kev hloov hauv pob zeb, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pob zeb ntawm lub hauv paus thiab sedimentary npog, thiab kev siv zog ntawm lub hauv paus. Thaj chaw ntawm Russia tau muab faib ua folded thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev ua kom epiplatform. Geotectonic zoning npog txhua yamtectonic qauv. Cov lus stratigraphy muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov niaj hnub geotectonics ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia.
Cov ntawv nyem tau tsim vim muaj kev txav tob thiab cuam tshuam sab nraud. Cov dej num ntawm cov dej ntws ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, cov hav dej thiab cov kwj dej tau tsim. Cov duab ntawm lub nyem kuj yog tsim los ntawm glaciation. Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov dej khov, cov toj thiab cov ridges tshwm rau ntawm cov tiaj. Cov duab ntawm lub nyem kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm permafrost. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm khov thiab thawing ntawm cov dej hauv av yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov av tawg.
Lub Siberian Precambrian platform yog cov qauv qub. Hauv nws qhov chaw nruab nrab, muaj thaj tsam ntawm Karelian folding; nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob, Baikal folding tau tsim. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm West Siberian thiab Siberian lowlands, Hercynian folding tau dhau mus.
Txoj kev nyem ntawm Western Siberia
thaj chaw ntawm Western Siberia maj mam poob los ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb. Lub nyem ntawm thaj chaw yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog complex hauv keeb kwm. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem kev pab cuam tseem ceeb yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nce siab. Nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberian Plain, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cim meej yog kaum ntawm meters.
Cov av tiaj tus thiab qhov siab me ntsis hloov pauv yog vim qhov me me ntawm cov phaj txav. Nyob rau hauv periphery ntawm lub tiaj, qhov siab tshaj plaws amplitude ntawm uplifts mus txog 100-150 meters. Hauv nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb, qhov amplitude ntawm kev tawg yog 100-150 meters. Cov qauv tectonic ntawm Central Siberian Plateau thiab West Siberian Plain nyob rau hauv lig Cenozoic nyob rau hauvtxheeb ze.
Geographic structure of the West Siberian Plain
Thaj chaw, nyob rau sab qaum teb, thaj tsam ciam teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Kara, nyob rau sab qab teb, ciam teb khiav raws sab qaum teb ntawm Kazakhstan thiab ntes ib feem me me ntawm nws, nyob rau sab hnub poob nws tswj hwm los ntawm Ural Toj siab, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - los ntawm Central Siberian Plateau. Los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, qhov ntev ntawm lub tiaj yog li 2500 km, qhov ntev ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj txawv ntawm 800 txog 1900 km. Thaj chaw tiaj yog 3 lab km2.
Kev nyem ntawm lub tiaj yog monotonous, yuav luag txawm tias, qee zaus qhov siab ntawm nyem nce mus txog 100 meters saum toj no hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv nws sab hnub poob, sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb, qhov siab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 300 meters. Kev txo qis ntawm thaj chaw tshwm sim los ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb. Feem ntau, cov qauv tectonic ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Siberian Plain yog tshwm sim hauv thaj av.
Cov dej ntws tseem ceeb - Yenisei, Ob, Irtysh - ntws los ntawm lub tiaj, muaj pas dej thiab dej ntws. Kev nyab xeeb yog continental.
Geological qauv ntawm West Siberian Plain
Qhov chaw ntawm West Siberian Plain yog nyob rau hauv daim phiaj epihercynian ntawm tib lub npe. Cov pob zeb hauv qab daus yog qhov sib txawv heev thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm Paleozoic. Lawv npog nrog ib txheej ntawm marine thiab continental Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits (sandstones, av nplaum, thiab lwm yam) ntau tshaj 1000 meters tuab. Nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv paus, qhov thickness no nce mus txog 3000-4000 meters. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tiaj, cov hluas tshaj plaws tau pom - alluvial-lacustrine deposits, nyob rau sab qaum teb muaj ntau dua.mature - glacial-marine deposits.
Cov qauv tectonic ntawm West Siberian Plain suav nrog lub hauv paus thiab npog.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub pob zeb muaj qhov zoo li kev nyuaj siab nrog rau sab xis ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb thiab maj mam nqes los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob. Cov blocks hauv qab daus yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Paleozoic, Baikal, Caledonian thiab Hercynian lub sijhawm. Lub hauv paus yog dissected los ntawm sib sib zog nqus faults ntawm txawv hnub nyoog. Qhov loj tshaj faults ntawm submeridional tawm tsam yog East Zauralsky thiab Omsk-Pursky. Daim duab qhia ntawm cov qauv tectonic qhia tau hais tias hauv qab daus saum npoo ntawm lub slab muaj ib txoj siv sab nrauv thiab ib cheeb tsam sab hauv. Tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub hauv paus yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm kev nce thiab nqis.
Cov npog yog interbedded nrog ntug hiav txwv-continental thiab marine sediments nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 3000-4000 meters nyob rau hauv sab qab teb thiab 7000-8000 meters nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb.
Central Siberian Plateau
Lub Central Siberian Plateau yog nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Eurasia. Nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Siberian Plain nyob rau sab hnub poob, Central Yakut Plain nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, North Siberian Plain nyob rau sab qaum teb, thaj tsam Baikal, Transbaikalia thiab Eastern Sayan Roob nyob rau sab qab teb.
Cov qauv tectonic ntawm Central Siberian toj siab yog nyob rau hauv Siberian platform. Nws cov pob zeb sedimentary sib raug rau lub sijhawm Paleozoic thiab Mesozoic.
Txoj kev nyem ntawm lub toj siab muaj cov toj siab dav thiab ridges, tib lub sijhawm muaj cov kwj deg nrog txoj kab nqes. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm qhov poob hauv qhov nyem yog 500-700 meters, tab sismuaj qee qhov ntawm lub toj siab, qhov twg cov cim tseem ceeb nce siab tshaj 1000 meters, cov cheeb tsam xws li Yenisei Ridge thiab Angara-Lena Plateau. Ib qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw yog Putorana Plateau, nws qhov siab yog 1701 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.
Nkoj Nrab
Lub ntsiab dej ntws ntawm Kamchatka yog Sredinny Ridge. Cov qauv tectonic yog ib lub roob, muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm peaks thiab hla. Lub ridge stretches ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb thiab nws ntev yog 1200 km. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm passes yog concentrated nyob rau hauv nws sab qaum teb ib feem, lub central ib feem sawv cev rau loj nyob deb ntawm lub ncov, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb muaj ib tug muaj zog dissection ntawm lub massif, thiab lub asymmetry ntawm lub slopes characterizes Sredinny Range. Lub tectonic qauv yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub nyem. Nws suav nrog volcanoes, lava toj siab, roob toj siab, peaks npog nrog glaciers.
Lub ridge yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm cov qauv qis, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yog Malkinsky, Kozyrevsky, Bystrinsky ridges.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog rau Ichinskaya Sopka thiab yog 3621 meters. Qee lub roob hluav taws, xws li Khuvkhoytun, Alnay, Shishel, Ostraya Sopka, tshaj qhov cim ntawm 2500 meters.
Ural Toj siab
Lub roob Ural yog lub roob uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm East Europe thiab West Siberian plains. Nws qhov ntev yog ntau tshaj 2000 km, qhov dav txawv ntawm 40 txog 150km.
Cov qauv tectonic ntawm lub roob Ural belongs rau cov txheej txheem qub qub. Hauv Paleozoic, muaj geosyncline thiab dej hiav txwv tawg. Pib los ntawm Paleozoic, qhov tsim ntawm lub roob system ntawm lub Urals tshwm sim. Lub ntsiab tsim ntawm folds tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Hercynian.
Kev sib tw khaus tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj txoj kab nqes ntawm Urals, uas tau nrog kev sib sib zog nqus ua txhaum thiab tso tawm ntawm kev nkag mus, qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntev txog li 120 km ntev thiab 60 km dav. Cov folds ntawm no yog compressed, overturned, complex los ntawm overthrusts.
Ntawm txoj kab nqes sab hnub poob, folding tsis tshua muaj zog. Cov folds ntawm no yog yooj yim, tsis muaj overthrusts. Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.
Kev kub siab los ntawm sab hnub tuaj yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv tectonic - Lavxias teb sab platform, lub hauv paus uas tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm folding. Folded roob maj mam tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Ural geosyncline.
Tectonically, tag nrho Urals yog complex ntawm anticlinoria thiab synclinoria sib sib zog nqus faults.
Lub nyem ntawm Urals yog asymmetrical los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob. Sab hnub tuaj txoj kab nqes nqes mus rau sab hnub poob Siberian Plain. Txoj kab nqes sab hnub poob maj mam hla mus rau sab hnub tuaj European Plain. Lub asymmetry tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv tectonic ntawm West Siberian Plain.
B altic Shield
Lub B altic Shield belongs rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm East European Platform, yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub hauv paus thiab tau nce siab saum hiav txwv. Hauv North-westciam teb khiav nrog cov txheej txheem folded ntawm Caledonia-Scandinavia. Nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, cov pob zeb ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog submerge nyob rau hauv cov sedimentary npog ntawm East European Phaj.
Thaj chaw, daim thaiv npog yog khi rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Scandinavian Peninsula, mus rau Kola Peninsula thiab Karelia.
Cov qauv ntawm daim thaiv npog muaj peb ntu, sib txawv hauv hnub nyoog - South Scandinavian (sab hnub poob), Central thiab Kola-Karelian (sab hnub tuaj). Sab qab teb Scandinavian sector yog khi rau sab qab teb ntawm Sweden thiab Norway. Lub Murmansk thaiv sawv tawm hauv nws cov khoom xyaw.
Lub hauv paus sector yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Finland thiab Sweden. Nws suav nrog Central Kola thaiv thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Kola Peninsula.
Kola-Karelian sector yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia. Nws belongs rau feem ntau ancient tsim qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Kola-Karelian sector, ob peb tectonic ntsiab yog txawv: Murmansk, Central Kola, Belomorian, Karelian, lawv tau sib cais los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus faults.
Kola Peninsula
Kola Peninsula yog tectonically khi rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm B altic crystalline daim thaiv npog, tsim los ntawm pob zeb ntawm keeb kwm qub - granites thiab gneisses.
Txoj kev nyem ntawm cov ceg av qab teb tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog crystalline thiab qhia txog cov kab ntawm kev ua txhaum thiab tawg. Lub ntsej muag ntawm cov ceg av qab teb tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov dej khov, uas ua rau cov roob siab.
Lub ceg av qab teb tau muab faib ua sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nyem. Kev nyem ntawm sab hnub tuaj tsis yog nyuaj li sab hnub poob. Cov roob ntawm Kola Peninsula yog zoo li tuspillars - nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub roob muaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj. Lub toj siab yog txiav los ntawm cov hav tob thiab gorges. Lub Lovozero tundra thiab Khibiny nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub tectonic qauv ntawm lub tom kawg belongs rau roob ranges.
Kibiny
Pib thaj chaw, Khibiny yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Kola Peninsula, lawv yog cov roob loj. Lub hnub nyoog geological ntawm qhov loj tshaj 350 Ma. Roob Khibiny yog ib tug tectonic qauv, uas yog ib tug intrusive lub cev (solidified magma) ntawm complex qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Los ntawm geological taw tes ntawm view, ib tug intrusion tsis yog ib tug volcano erupted. Qhov loj loj tseem nce ntxiv txawm tias tam sim no, qhov kev hloov pauv yog 1-2 cm hauv ib xyoos. Ntau tshaj 500 hom minerals pom nyob rau hauv qhov intrusive massif.
Tsis pom ib qho dej khov nab kuab tau pom hauv Khibiny, tab sis muaj cov dej khov thaum ub. Lub ncov ntawm lub massif yog toj siab zoo li, cov slopes nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm snowfields, avalanches yog active, thiab muaj ntau roob pas dej. Lub Khibiny yog cov roob qis. Qhov siab tshaj plaws saum toj no hiav txwv theem belongs rau Mount Yudychvumchorr thiab sib raug mus rau 1200.6 m.
