Electrometer - yog dab tsi? Muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv, xws li los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tsis tshua muaj rau cov cuab yeej precision. Niaj hnub nimno electrometers thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntsuas tau sib sau ua ke siv lub tshuab nqus tsev lossis cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob thiab them nrog cov xaim hluav taws xob tsawg heev, mus txog 1 femtoamp. Lub electroscope yog ib qho khoom siv yooj yim dua. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab cai zoo sib xws, tab sis tsuas yog qhia txog qhov txheeb ze ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam ntsuas ntsuas dab tsi?
History of this device
Thawj qhov muaj peev xwm ntsuas tau hu ua "Early square" lossis yooj yim "Square". Txawm hais tias lub sij hawm thaum kawg raug xa mus rau Kelvin version, nws yog thawj zaug siv los piav txog cov cuab yeej yooj yim. Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas dab tsi thiab nws muaj dab tsi?
Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tsob ntoo upright lub cev uas ib tug kaus ntxhw ib nrab-lub voj voog txuas. Lub teeb cork pob dai ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub pob khawm. Thaum instrumentalmuab tso rau ntawm lub cev them, lub qia koom nrog thiab repels lub pob cork. Tus nqi ntawm repulsion tuaj yeem nyeem tau los ntawm kev kawm tiav semicircle, txawm hais tias lub kaum sab xis ntsuas tsis ncaj qha rau tus nqi. Cov neeg tsim khoom thaum ntxov suav nrog William Henley thiab Horace-Benedict de Saussure.
Thiab leej twg yog "pioneer" ntawm electroscopes?
Thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob - nws yog dab tsi thiab qhov twg zoo dua? Thawj qhov kub-nplooj electroscope yog nyob deb ntawm thawj zaug. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no tuaj yeem pom hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag tiag ntawm qee lub rooj sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis feem ntau nws tau raug hloov los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua nyob txhua qhov chaw. Tsis zoo li lub tshuab hluav taws xob, nws feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub sensor dua li ntsuas ntsuas.
Qhov ntsuas nws tus kheej muaj ob daim ntawv nyias ntawm cov ntawv ci kub tshem tawm los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob. Thaum nws raug them los ntawm induction lossis kev sib cuag, cov nplooj tau txais cov nqi hluav taws xob tib yam thiab tawm tsam ib leeg vim yog lub zog Coulomb. Lawv txoj kev sib cais yog qhov qhia ncaj qha ntawm lub zog nets. Daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv ci tuaj yeem muab khi rau hauv lub khob tawm tsam cov nplooj kom thaum cov nplooj sib nrug tag nrho, lawv tuaj yeem poob rau hauv av. Cov paj tuaj yeem muab ntim rau hauv lub khob "lub hnab ntawv" los tiv thaiv lawv ntawm cov ntawv sau. Yuav kom txo tau cov nqi xau, lub hnab ntawv no yog insulated. Lwm qhov laj thawj ntawm kev xau yog ionizing hluav taws xob, yog li lub tshuab hluav taws xob yuav tsum nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tiv thaiv nws.
Lub ntsuas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 18th los ntawm ob pebCov kws tshawb fawb suav nrog Abraham Bennett thiab Alessandro Volta.
qauv los ntawm Peltier thiab Bonenberger
Cov khoom ntsuas Bonenberg muaj ib daim ntawv kub uas tau muab tshem tawm ntsug ntawm ib qho anode thiab cov cathode qhuav. Ib qho nqi them rau cov nplooj kub ua rau nws txav mus rau ib tus ncej lossis lwm qhov. Bonenberg electrometer ntsuas dab tsi? Lub cim ntawm tus nqi them, nrog rau nws qhov kwv yees tus nqi.
Lub Peltier electrometer siv ib daim ntawv sib nqus sib nqus los ntsuas qhov deflection los ntawm kev ntsuas lub zog zoo li qub nrog rab koob sib nqus.
cov khoom siv niaj hnub
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob niaj hnub no yog qhov voltmeter rhiab heev uas nws cov tswv yim impedance loj heev uas qhov tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv nws tuaj yeem suav tias xoom rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov txhua hnub.
Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas dab tsi, thiab nws qhov tsis kam yog dab tsi? Tus nqi tiag tiag ntawm cov tswv yim tiv thaiv rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub no yog kwv yees li 1014ohms, piv rau 1010ohms rau nanovoltmeters. Vim muaj cov input impedance siab heev, tshwj xeeb tsim kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau siv los tiv thaiv tam sim no to.
Ntawm lwm cov kev siv, electrometers yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear physics thwmsim vim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov nqi me me nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem thaum ionizing hluav taws xob hla dhau. Kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no yog kev ntsuas hluav taws xob siv ionization chambers hauv cov cuab yeej xws li cov txee. Geiger.
Valve electrometer
Valve versions siv lub tshuab nqus tsev tshwj xeeb nrog kev nce siab heev thiab kev tawm tswv yim impedance. Cov tswv yim tam sim no tuaj yeem ntws mus rau hauv daim phiaj impedance, thiab qhov hluav taws xob yog li tsim tau zoo heev hauv lub anode (phaj) Circuit Court. Valves tsim los siv nrog electrometers muaj cov xau tam sim no ntawm ob peb femtoamps (10-15 amps). Cov li qub no yuav tsum tau tuav nrog cov hnab looj tes, vim tias cov ntsev tseem tshuav ntawm lub hnab ntawv iav tuaj yeem tsim txoj hauv kev rau cov dej me me no.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hu ua "inverted triode", lub luag hauj lwm ntawm anode thiab kab sib chaws yog thim rov qab. Qhov no tso cov khoom tswj kom deb li deb tau los ntawm qhov chaw them nqi thaj tsam nyob ib puag ncig cov filament, txo cov naj npawb ntawm cov electrons sau los ntawm kev tswj Circuit Court thiab yog li txo qis cov tswv yim tam sim no.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws electrometers
Cov cuab yeej ntsuas niaj hnub no feem ntau muaj cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev siv ib lossis ntau dua FETs, kev sib txuas rau kev sib txuas rau kev ntsuas sab nraud, thiab feem ntau yog kev sib txuas. Rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub xeev, daim duab qhia saum toj no.
Lub tshuab ua kom nrov nrov me me kom yooj yim ntsuas nws. Kev sib txuas sab nraud feem ntau yog coaxial lossis triaxial tsim thiab tso cai rau kev teeb tsa ntawm diodes lossis ionization chambers los ntsuas ionizing hluav taws xob. Kev sib txuas rau cov khoom siv los yog cov ntaub ntawv kaw cia tso cai rau tus neeg siv saib cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia rau kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab.
Electrometers tsim los siv nrog ionization chambers yuav suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab uas tseem siv los ua kom tsis zoo ntawm ionization chamber.
