Raws li kev txhim kho sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, cov kws tshaj lij tau txhawj xeeb txog qhov tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa hluav taws xob huv ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees tias nyob rau kaum xyoo tom ntej no, "kev tsis paub txog hluav taws xob" tuaj yeem dhau los ua kev hem thawj tiag tiag rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab ntiaj chaw.
Tus neeg tua tsis pom
Nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, cov kws kho mob nyob sab Europe tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tuag ntau dhau los ntawm cov kab mob ntsws ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv mines uas rho tawm hlau, polymetals thiab nyiaj. Ib qho mob tsis meej, hu ua "kev mob roob", ntaus cov miners tsib caug zaus ntau dua li cov neeg nruab nrab. Tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm radon, nws yog tus uas tau lees paub tias yog vim li cas thiaj li txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm mob ntsws cancer ntawm cov miners hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Czech koom pheej.
Dab tsi yog radon? Puas yog nws tsuas muaj qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev? Txhawm rau teb cov lus nug no, ib tus yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab kawm txog lub ntsiab lus tsis meej no.
Emanation txhais tau tias "outflow"
Tus neeg nrhiav pom radon lees txaisxav txog tus kws kho mob Askiv E. Rutherford. Nws yog nws uas nyob rau hauv 1899 pom tias thorium-raws li kev npaj, ntxiv rau hnyav α-particles, emit ib co xim tsis muaj roj, ua rau kom nce qib ntawm radioactivity nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig. Tus kws tshawb fawb hu ua cov khoom raug liam tias yog emanation ntawm thorium (los ntawm emanation (lat.) - tas sij hawm) thiab muab nws tsab ntawv Em. Zoo sib xws emanations kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm radium npaj. Hauv thawj kis, cov pa tawm tau hu ua thoron, hauv qhov thib ob - radon.
Tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias cov pa roj yog radionuclides ntawm lub caij tshiab. Tus kws tshuaj Scottish, Nobel laureate (1904) William Ramsay (ua ke nrog Whitlow Grey) hauv 1908 tau tswj kom cais nws hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab thawj zaug. Tsib xyoos tom qab, lub npe radon thiab lub cim Rn thaum kawg tau muab rau lub caij.
YDab tsi yog radon?
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, radon yog nyob rau hauv pawg 18th. Muaj tus lej atomic z=86.
Txhua cov isotopes ntawm radon uas twb muaj lawm (ntau dua 35, nrog cov lej loj ntawm 195 txog 230) yog cov xov tooj cua thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj plaub hom atoms ntawm lub caij. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub ntuj radioactive series ntawm actinouranium, thorium thiab uranium - radium. Qee cov isotopes muaj lawv lub npe thiab, raws li keeb kwm kev lig kev cai, lawv hu ua emanations:
- anemone - actinon 219 Rn;
- thorium - thoron 220Rn;
- radium - radon 222Rn.
kawg yog qhov txawvqhov loj tshaj stability. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm radon 222 Rn yog 91.2 teev (3.82 hnub). Lub sijhawm nyob ruaj khov ntawm cov isotopes ntxiv yog suav hauv vib nas this thiab milliseconds. Thaum tawg nrog hluav taws xob ntawm α-particles, isotopes ntawm polonium yog tsim. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog lub sijhawm kawm ntawm radon uas cov kws tshawb fawb thawj zaug ntsib ntau yam ntawm cov atoms ntawm tib lub caij, uas lawv tom qab hu ua isotopes (los ntawm Greek "sib npaug", "zoo ib yam").
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Raws li ib txwm muaj, radon yog cov roj tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab, qhov muaj peev xwm tsuas yog kuaj tau nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Ceev - 9,81 g / l. Nws yog qhov hnyav tshaj plaws (cua yog 7.5 npaug sib dua), qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov pa roj uas paub hauv peb lub ntiaj teb.
Peb yuav zoo yaj hauv dej (460 ml / l), tab sis nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw cov solubility ntawm radon yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab dua. Nws muaj cov nyhuv fluorescence tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hauv siab. Rau lub xeev gaseous thiab kua (ntawm qhov kub hauv qab -62˚С) lub teeb xiav yog yam ntxwv, rau crystalline (hauv qab -71˚С) - daj lossis txiv kab ntxwv-liab.
Cov yam ntxwv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm radon yog vim nws koom nrog pawg ntawm inert ("noble") gases. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog oxygen, fluorine thiab lwm yam halogens.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab uas cuam tshuam rau ntau yam khoom. Raug radon stains iav thiab porcelain, decomposes dej rau hauv oxygen,hydrogen thiab ozone, rhuav tshem paraffin thiab vaseline, thiab lwm yam.
Ntau radon
Kom cais radon isotopes, nws txaus kom dhau lub dav hlau ntawm huab cua hla cov khoom muaj radium hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov. Cov roj concentration hauv lub dav hlau yuav nyob ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub cev (humidity, kub), ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov khoom, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, porosity, homogeneity thiab tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov feem me me mus rau 100%. Feem ntau, kev daws teeb meem ntawm bromide lossis radium chloride hauv hydrochloric acid yog siv. Cov khoom ntxeem tau siv tsawg dua, txawm hais tias radon tso tawm ntau dua.
Cov roj sib xyaw ua ke yog lim dej los ntawm dej vapor, oxygen thiab hydrogen, dhau los ntawm daim phiaj tooj liab kub. Cov seem (1/25000 ntawm qhov ntim thawj) yog condensed nrog kua cua, thiab impurities ntawm nitrogen, helium thiab inert gases raug tshem tawm ntawm lub condensate.
Ceeb toom: tsuas yog ob peb kaum cubic centimeters ntawm cov tshuaj radon raug tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb ib xyoos.
Spread in nature
Radium nuclei, cov khoom fission uas yog radon, nyob rau hauv lem yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm uranium. Yog li, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm radon yog cov av thiab cov zaub mov uas muaj uranium thiab thorium. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus no muaj nyob rau hauv igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic pob zeb, tsaus-xim shales. Vim nws inertness, radon roj tau yooj yim tawm hauv cov pob zeb siv lead ua ntawm cov zaub mov thiab yooj yim kis tau mus ntev los ntawm cov voids thiab cov kab nrib pleb hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, khiav mus rau hauv huab cua.
Dhau li ntawm, cov dej hauv av interstratal, ntxuav cov pob zeb, yooj yim saturated nrog radon. Radon dej thiab nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb tau siv los ntawm tus txiv neej ntev ua ntej qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm nws tus kheej.
phooj ywg los yog yeeb ncuab?
Txawm hais tias ntau txhiab cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab nrov tshaj plaws sau txog cov roj hluav taws xob no, nws tsis muaj tseeb los teb cov lus nug: "Dab tsi yog radon thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb rau noob neej yog dab tsi?" zoo li nyuaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub ntsib tsawg kawg yog ob qhov teeb meem. Thawj qhov yog tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm radon hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom muaj sia, nws yog ob qho tib si muaj teeb meem thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Qhov thib ob yog qhov tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sau npe thiab kev saib xyuas. Cov radon detectors uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, txawm tias cov niaj hnub thiab rhiab heev, tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv los ntawm ob peb zaug thaum kev ntsuas rov ua dua.
Ceev faj ntawm radon
Cov koob tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob (ntau dua 70%) hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej ib tus neeg tau txais vim yog ntuj radionuclides, ntawm cov thawj coj ua haujlwm yog cov roj tsis muaj xim radon. Nyob ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev nyob, nws "kev koom tes" tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 30 txog 60%. Tus nqi tas li ntawm cov isotopes tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv huab cua yog tswj los ntawm cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv los ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb. Radon muaj cov cuab yeej tsis zoo ntawm kev sib sau hauv cov tsev nyob thiab pej xeem, qhov twg nws cov concentration tuaj yeem nce kaum lossis ntau pua zaus. Kom noj qab nyob zooTib neeg kev phom sij tsis yog cov roj hluav taws xob ntau npaum li nws tus kheej, tab sis cov tshuaj lom neeg cov isotopes ntawm polonium 214 Po thiab 218 Po, tsim los ntawm nws lwj. Lawv tuav ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub cev, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub so ntswg nyob nrog sab hauv α-kua hluav taws xob.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev mob hawb pob ntawm kev ua tsis taus pa thiab kev nyuaj siab, kiv taub hau thiab migraine, qhov no yog fraught nrog kev loj hlob ntawm mob ntsws cancer. Cov pab pawg muaj kev pheej hmoo suav nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm uranium mines thiab mining thiab ua cov nroj tsuag, volcanologists, radon therapists, cov pej xeem ntawm cov cheeb tsam tsis zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm radon derivatives hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab artesian dej, thiab radon resorts. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thaj chaw zoo li no, daim duab qhia txog kev phom sij radon tau muab tso ua ke siv cov txheej txheem geological thiab hluav taws xob tu cev.
Rau ib daim ntawv: nws ntseeg tau tias nws yog radon raug uas ua rau muaj kev tuag los ntawm mob ntsws cancer hauv xyoo 1916 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Scottish ntawm lub ntsiab lus no, William Ramsay.
Txoj kev tiv thaiv
Nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los, ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm cov neeg nyob ze sab hnub poob, qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv radon ntsuas tau pib nthuav tawm hauv cov tebchaws ntawm CIS qub. Cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm tau tshwm sim (SanPin 2.6.1., SP 2.6.1.) nrog cov kev cai meej rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov pej xeem.
Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv cov av av thiab qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob muaj xws li:
- Kev npaj rau hauv av hauv av ntawm cov ntoo hauv pem teb ntawm lub pob zeb monolithic pob zeb nrog lub pob zeb crushed thiab txhim khu kev qha waterproofing.
- Muab qhov cua zoo duahauv qab daus thiab hauv qab daus qhov chaw, qhov cua ntawm cov tsev nyob.
- Cov dej nkag hauv chav ua noj thiab chav dej yuav tsum raug pom tshwj xeeb, thiab cov chav lawv tus kheej tau nruab nrog cov cuab yeej ua pa tawm.
Radon yog dab tsi, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis paub, tab sis txawm tias cov neeg caij nees zoo nkauj ntawm Genghis Khan kho lawv cov qhov txhab nrog cov dej ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Belokurikha (Altai), saturated nrog cov roj no. Qhov tseeb yog tias hauv microdoses, radon muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg thiab lub hauv paus paj hlwb. Kev raug rau radon dej ua kom cov txheej txheem metabolic, vim tias cov ntaub so ntswg puas tau rov qab sai dua, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha normalizes, thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha muaj zog..
Resorts nyob rau hauv roob roob ntawm lub Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech koom pheej (Yakhimov, Karlovy Vary), Lub teb chaws Yelemees (Baden-Baden), Nyiv (Misasa) tau ntev txaus siab rau zoo. -deserved koob meej thiab muaj koob meej. Cov tshuaj niaj hnub no, ntxiv rau cov da dej radon, muaj kev kho mob hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tso dej, nqus pa raws li kev saib xyuas nruj ntawm tus kws kho mob tsim nyog.
Kev pab tib neeg
Cov peev txheej ntawm cov roj radon tsis txwv rau cov tshuaj ib leeg. Lub peev xwm ntawm isotopes ntawm ib lub ntsiab rau adsorb yog nquag siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntsuas qhov degree ntawm heterogeneity ntawm hlau nto thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Hauv kev tsim cov hlau thiab iav, radon yog siv los tswj cov dej ntws ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Nrog nws pabtshawb xyuas lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kom nruj.
Nyob rau hauv geophysics thiab geology, ntau txoj hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb xyuas cov pob zeb hauv av thiab cov xov tooj cua yog ua raws li kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb radon. Cov concentration ntawm radon isotopes nyob rau hauv cov av yuav siv tau los txiav txim cov pa permeability thiab ceev ntawm pob zeb formations. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib puag ncig radon zoo li cog lus tias yuav kwv yees av qeeg yuav los tom ntej.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau cia siab tias tib neeg tseem yuav tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo ntawm radon thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsuas yog yuav muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov pej xeem hauv ntiaj teb.
