Proteins yog cov organic tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas yeej tshaj tag nrho lwm cov macromolecules uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell nyob. Lawv tsim ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm qhov hnyav hnyav ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv cell muaj ntau haiv neeg, qee qhov ntawm lawv tseem tsis paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis tseem, cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm lawv "ua haujlwm" tau kawm zoo. Qee qhov xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawb cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Lwm tus nqa cov ntxhia tseem ceeb hla lub cell membrane thiab los ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm ib lub cev mus rau lwm qhov. Qee tus tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm txawv teb chaws feem ntau cov kab mob pathogenic. Ib yam yog qhov tseeb - tsis yog ib qho txheej txheem hauv peb lub cev tshwm sim yam tsis muaj cov protein.
YBasic zog ntawm cov proteins
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv lub cev muaj ntau yam. Txhua pawg muaj cov tshuaj tshwj xeebtsev, ua ib qho tshwj xeeb "ua haujlwm". Qee qhov xwm txheej, ntau hom proteins sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau ntau theem ntawm tib txoj kev. Los yog lawv cuam tshuam ob peb zaug ib zaug. Piv txwv li, kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein yog ua los ntawm cov enzymes thiab cov tshuaj hormones. Qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem xav txog los ntawm kev nco txog cov tshuaj hormone adrenaline. Nws yog tsim los ntawm adrenal medulla. Nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, nws nce cov pa oxygen hauv cov ntshav. Cov ntshav siab kuj nce, cov ntsiab lus qab zib nce. Qhov no txhawb cov txheej txheem metabolic. Adrenaline kuj yog ib qho neurotransmitter hauv cov ntses, amphibians thiab cov tsiaj reptiles.
YEnzymatic muaj nuj nqi
Ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg biochemical tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nrog tus nqi nruab nrab pH. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, tus nqi ntawm lawv qhov kev nkag mus tsawg dhau, yog li cov catalyst tshwj xeeb hu ua enzymes xav tau. Tag nrho lawv cov kev sib txawv yog sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv 6 chav kawm, uas txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Enzymes yog synthesized ntawm ribosomes hauv hlwb. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm enzymology koom nrog lawv txoj kev kawm.
Undoubtedly, kev tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein tsis tuaj yeem tsis muaj enzymes. Lawv muaj kev xaiv siab ntawm kev ua. Lawv cov dej num tuaj yeem tswj hwm los ntawm inhibitors thiab activators. Tsis tas li ntawd, enzymes feem ntau pom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm substrate. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm enzymatic nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv lub cev thiab hauv cov hlwb tshwj xeeb. Lawv ntws yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lub siab, acidic pH, kub, ionic zog ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yogntsev concentration hauv cytoplasm.
Protein transport function
Lub xovtooj ntawm tes yuav tsum tau txais cov ntxhia thiab cov organic uas tsim nyog rau lub cev. Lawv xav tau los ua cov khoom tsim thiab lub zog hauv cov hlwb. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv daim ntawv txais nyiaj yog qhov nyuaj heev. Cell phab ntsa yog tsim los ntawm ntau tshaj li cov proteins. Biological membranes yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ob txheej ntawm lipids. Ntau yam proteins yog embedded nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov cheeb tsam hydrophilic nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim nyias nyias, thaum lub cheeb tsam hydrophobic nyob rau hauv nws thickness. Yog li, xws li cov qauv ua rau lub plhaub impenetrable. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem hla ntawm lawv tus kheej, yam tsis muaj "pab", xws li cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li qab zib, metol ions thiab amino acids. Lawv raug thauj los ntawm cytoplasmic membrane mus rau cytoplasm los ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb uas tau muab tso rau hauv lipid txheej.
Kev thauj khoom ntawm ib lub cev mus rau lwm qhov
Tab sis kev thauj khoom ntawm cov protein yog nqa tawm tsis yog ntawm cov khoom sib txuas thiab cov xov tooj ntawm tes. Qee cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem physiological yuav tsum tau xa los ntawm ib lub cev mus rau lwm qhov. Piv txwv li, cov protein thauj hauv cov ntshav yog cov ntshav albumin. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb los tsim cov tebchaw nrog fatty acids uas tshwm sim thaum zom cov rog, nrog tshuaj, nrog rau cov tshuaj hormones steroid. Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb yog hemoglobin (xa cov pa oxygen molecules), transferrin (sib txuas nrog cov hlau ions) thiab ceruplasmin (ua cov complexes nrog.tooj).
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov proteins
Receptor proteins yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem physiological hauv ntau cov kab mob nyuaj. Lawv yog embedded nyob rau hauv lub plasma membrane. Lawv ua hauj lwm rau perceive thiab decipher ntau yam teeb liab uas nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus li kwj tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob sib ze, tab sis kuj los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Tam sim no, tej zaum qhov feem ntau kawm receptor protein yog acetylcholine. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm interneuronal junctions ntawm lub cell membrane.
Tab sis qhov taw qhia kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein yog nqa tawm tsis yog hauv cov hlwb xwb. Ntau cov tshuaj hormones khi rau cov receptors tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Xws li ib tug tsim compound yog ib tug teeb liab uas activates physiological dab nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov proteins no yog insulin, uas ua haujlwm hauv adenylate cyclase system.
tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv ib lub xovtooj sib txawv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv koom nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov no tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj peev xwm teb tau rau cov neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws nrog kev sib txuas ntawm ntau cov lymphocytes. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev txawv teb chaws, xws li cov kab mob, cov kab mob supramolecular, lossis lawv tuaj yeem ua cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.
Ib pawg - "beta"-lymphocytes - tsim cov proteins uas nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm nthuav heev. Cov proteins no yuav tsum paub txog cov hlwb txawv teb chaws thiab macromolecules. Tom qab ntawd lawv txuas nrog lawv,tsim ib tug complex uas yuav tsum tau puas. Cov proteins no hu ua immunoglobulins. Cov khoom txawv teb chaws lawv tus kheej yog antigens. Thiab cov immunoglobulins uas sib haum rau lawv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Structural function
Hauv lub cev, ntxiv rau qhov tshwj xeeb heev, kuj tseem muaj cov txheej txheem protein. Lawv tsim nyog los muab cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog. Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein nyob hauv lub cell yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj lub cev thiab cov hluas. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog collagen. Nws yog cov protein tseem ceeb ntawm extracellular matrix ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas. Hauv cov tsiaj nyeg siab, nws nce mus txog 1/4 ntawm tag nrho cov protein ntau. Collagen yog synthesized nyob rau hauv fibroblasts, uas yog lub ntsiab hlwb ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg.
Cov haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv cell yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ntxiv nrog rau collagen, lwm yam txheej txheem protein yog paub - elastin. Nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub extracellular matrix. Elastin muaj peev xwm muab cov ntaub so ntswg muaj peev xwm ncab nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev txwv thiab yooj yim rov qab mus rau lawv qhov qub. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem protein yog fibroin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kab ntsig kab ntsig. Nws yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov paj ntaub.
Motor proteins
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv cell tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Lawv kuj koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg. Muscle contraction yog ib qho tseem ceeb physiological txheej txheem. Yog li ntawd, ATP khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm macromolecules yog hloov mus rau hauv tshuaj zog. Cov neeg koom ncaj qha hauv cov txheej txheem yog ob qho protein - actin thiab myosin.
Cov proteins lub cev muaj zogyog filamentous molecules uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub contractile system ntawm skeletal leeg. Lawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg uas tsis yog leeg nqaij hauv eukaryotic hlwb. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm lub cev muaj zog yog tubulin. Microtubules yog tsim los ntawm nws, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm flagella thiab cilia. Microtubules uas muaj tubulin kuj pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov tsiaj.
Tshuaj tua kab mob
Lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv ntawm cov protein hauv cell yog loj heev. Ib feem ntawm nws yog muab rau ib pawg uas feem ntau hu ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov no yog cov khoom ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, uas yog synthesized, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv cov kab mob, microscopic fungi thiab lwm yam kab mob. Lawv yog tsom rau suppressing lub physiological txheej txheem ntawm lwm yam kab mob sib tw. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov protein tau pom nyob rau hauv 40s. Lawv tau hloov kho tshuaj, muab nws lub zog muaj zog rau kev txhim kho.
Los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog ib pawg neeg sib txawv heev. Lawv kuj txawv ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua. Qee qhov tiv thaiv cov protein synthesis hauv hlwb, lwm tus thaiv kev tsim cov enzymes tseem ceeb, lwm tus inhibit kev loj hlob, thiab lwm tus inhibit kev loj hlob. Piv txwv li, tus paub zoo streptomycin cuam tshuam nrog ribosomes ntawm cov kab mob hlwb. Yog li, lawv ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm cov synthesis ntawm cov protein. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj tua kab mob no tsis cuam tshuam nrog eukaryotic ribosomes ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov tshuaj no tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj nyeg siab dua.
Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv cell. RoojCov tshuaj tua kab mob tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab lwm yam tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm uas cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem muaj rau cov kab mob thiab tsis yog xwb. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov protein tau raug kawm, uas, thaum cuam tshuam nrog DNA, cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Tab sis tam sim no, cov tshuaj no tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob oncological. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li tshuaj tua kab mob yog dactinomycin, uas yog synthesized los ntawm actinomycetes.
Toxins
Proteins hauv ib lub xovtooj ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab txawm tias txawv tshaj plaw. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia tsim cov tshuaj lom - co toxins. Los ntawm lawv cov xwm txheej, cov no yog cov proteins thiab complex tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav organic tebchaw. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov kab mob lom ntawm cov fungus daj ntseg grebe.
Reserve thiab zaub mov proteins
Qee cov proteins ua haujlwm ntawm kev muab khoom noj rau cov embryos ntawm tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Muaj ntau yam piv txwv. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm cereal noob yog precisely nyob rau hauv no. Lawv yuav txhawb nqa cov kab mob tshiab ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv thawj theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Hauv cov tsiaj, cov khoom noj protein yog qe albumin thiab mis nyuj casein.
Unexplored zog ntawm proteins
Cov piv txwv saum toj no tsuas yog ib feem uas twb tau kawm txaus lawm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov muaj ntau yam tsis meej pem. Proteins nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm ntau yam kab mob lom yog tshwj xeeb, thiab tam sim no txawm faib lawvnyuaj. Piv txwv li, monellin yog ib qho protein uas pom thiab cais tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag African. Nws qab qab, tab sis tsis rog thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws yuav yog ib qho zoo heev hloov qab zib. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog cov protein uas muaj nyob hauv qee cov ntses arctic uas tiv thaiv cov ntshav los ntawm kev ua kom khov los ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov sib piv. Hauv ntau cov kab, cov protein resilin, uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, yuav luag zoo meej elasticity, tau pom nyob rau hauv cov pob qij txha. Thiab cov no tsis yog tag nrho cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj uas tseem tsis tau kawm thiab cais.
