Txhua tus yuav tsum tau hnov txog peb hom hluav taws xob hluav taws xob - alpha, beta thiab gamma. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm radioactive decay ntawm teeb meem, thiab lawv muaj ob qho tib si yam khoom thiab sib txawv. Hom hluav taws xob kawg dais qhov phom sij loj tshaj plaws. Dab tsi yog?
Xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws xob lwj
Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov khoom ntawm gamma lwj hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob. Qhov kev txhais no txhais tau hais tias lub zog ntawm hom hluav taws xob no siab heev - thaum nws tsoo lwm lub atom, hu ua "target atom", nws knocks tawm ib qho hluav taws xob txav hauv nws lub orbit. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hom phiaj atom ua ib tug zoo them ion (yog li ntawd, lub radiation hu ua ionizing). Cov hluav taws xob no txawv ntawm ultraviolet lossis infrared hauv lub zog siab.
Feem ntau, alpha, beta thiab gamma decays muaj cov khoom sib xws. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog lub atom ua ib lub noob poppy me me. Tom qab ntawd lub orbit ntawm cov electrons yuav yog ib tug xab npum npuas nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Hauv alpha, beta thiab gamma lwj, ib qho me me ya tawm ntawm cov nplej no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus nqi ntawm lub nucleus hloov, uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug tshiab chemical keeb tau tsim. Ib tug speck ntawm hmoov av rushes ntawm ib tug loj heev ceev thiab tsoo rau hauvelectron plhaub ntawm lub hom phiaj atom. Thaum poob ib qho hluav taws xob, lub hom phiaj atom dhau los ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo ion. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem zoo ib yam, vim hais tias cov nucleus ntawm lub hom phiaj atom tseem zoo ib yam. Ionization yog txheej txheem ntawm tshuaj lom neeg, yuav luag tib cov txheej txheem tshwm sim thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee cov hlau uas yaj hauv cov kua qaub.
γ- lwj tshwm sim nyob qhov twg?
Tab sis ionizing hluav taws xob tshwm sim tsis yog hauv cov hluav taws xob tawg xwb. Lawv kuj tshwm sim hauv atomic explosions thiab hauv nuclear reactors. Nyob rau lub hnub thiab lwm cov hnub qub, nrog rau hauv lub foob pob hluav taws xob, lub teeb nuclei tau ua ke, nrog rau cov hluav taws xob ionizing. Cov txheej txheem no kuj tshwm sim hauv cov khoom siv xoo hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv accelerators. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas alpha, beta, gamma decays muaj yog lub siab tshaj plaws ionization zog.
Thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm peb hom hluav taws xob no yog txiav txim los ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej. Radiation tau pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Tom qab ntawd tsis muaj leej twg paub tias qhov tshwm sim no yog dab tsi. Yog li ntawd, peb hom hluav taws xob muaj npe los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Gamma hluav taws xob tau pom nyob rau hauv 1910 los ntawm ib tug kws tshawb fawb hu ua Henry Gregg. Gamma decay muaj tib yam li lub hnub ci, infrared rays, xov tooj cua tsis. Los ntawm lawv cov khoom, γ-rays yog photon hluav taws xob, tab sis lub zog ntawm photons muaj nyob rau hauv lawv yog siab heev. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog hluav taws xob nrog luv luv wavelength.
Propertiesgamma rays
Cov hluav taws xob no yooj yim heev rau nkag mus los ntawm txhua qhov teeb meem. Lub denser cov khoom sawv hauv nws txoj kev, qhov zoo dua nws ncua nws. Feem ntau, cov hlau lead lossis pob zeb siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, γ-rays yooj yim kov yeej kaum thiab ntau txhiab meters.
Gamma lwj yog qhov txaus ntshai heev rau tib neeg. Thaum raug rau nws, daim tawv nqaij thiab cov khoom nruab nrog cev tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj. Beta hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muab piv rau kev tua cov mos txwv me, thiab gamma hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muab piv rau cov koob txhaj tshuaj. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj hluav taws xob nuclear, ntxiv rau gamma hluav taws xob, tsim cov neutron fluxes kuj tshwm sim. Gamma rays ntaus lub ntiaj teb nrog rau cosmic rays. Ntxiv rau lawv, nws nqa cov protons thiab lwm yam khoom rau lub ntiaj teb.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm gamma rays ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia
Yog tias peb piv alpha, beta thiab gamma lwj, qhov kawg yuav yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov kab mob nyob. Kev nthuav tawm ceev ntawm hom hluav taws xob no yog sib npaug rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Nws yog vim nws qhov kev kub ceev uas nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb sai, ua rau lawv puas tsuaj. Yuav ua li cas?
Ntawm txoj kev, γ-kib hluav taws xob tawm ntau ntawm ionized atoms, uas tig ionize ib feem tshiab ntawm atoms. Cov hlwb uas tau raug xa mus rau cov hluav taws xob muaj zog gamma hloov ntawm ntau theem ntawm lawv cov qauv. Hloov pauv, lawv pib decompose thiab lom lub cev. Thiab qhov kawg theem kawg yog qhov pom ntawm cov hlwb uas tsis tuaj yeem ua lawv txoj haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
Nyob hauv tib neeg, lub cev sib txawv muajsib txawv qib ntawm rhiab heev rau gamma hluav taws xob. Cov txiaj ntsig yog nyob ntawm qhov tau txais koob tshuaj ionizing hluav taws xob. Vim li no, ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv lub cev, biochemistry tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov kab mob hematopoietic, lymphatic thiab digestive systems, nrog rau cov qauv DNA. Qhov kev raug mob no yog qhov txaus ntshai rau tib neeg thiab qhov tseeb tias cov hluav taws xob sib txuas hauv lub cev. Nws kuj muaj lub sijhawm latency.
Gamma decay formula
Txhawm rau xam lub zog ntawm gamma rays, koj tuaj yeem siv cov qauv hauv qab no:
E=hv=hc/λ
Hauv cov qauv no, h yog Planck qhov tas li, v yog qhov zaus ntawm quantum ntawm electromagnetic zog, c yog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, λ yog lub wavelength.
