Hmo ntuj, hwm, txhim kho, solemn, round-the-clock, ntawm ko taw … Yog li koj tuaj yeem sau npe tsis muaj sijhawm. Tab sis nws puas yuav pab kom nkag siab tias tus neeg zov yog dab tsi? Muaj feem ntau tsis yog muaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua los nrhiav kev pab los ntawm ntau phau ntawv txhais lus…
ntsiab lus ncaj
Tus neeg saib xyuas yog dab tsi? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog lo lus. Kev soj ntsuam morphological qhia tias, raws li lub npe, nws txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: cov npe, tsis muaj sia, txiv neej, thib ob declension. Tsis tas li ntawd, chav tsev lexical no tsis muaj ib qho, tab sis ob peb lub ntsiab lus. Zoo li lwm cov lus polysemantic, "tus neeg zov" muaj ob qho tib si ncaj qha thiab piv txwv. Cia peb nrog thawj tus. Peb cov kws pab cuam tseem ceeb hauv qhov teeb meem no yuav yog cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv qab no: "Cov Lus Txhais Lus Txhais ntawm Cov Lus Lavxias Nyob Zoo", kho los ntawm V. Dal, "Cov Lus Txhais Tshiab ntawm Lus Lavxias. Explanatory and derivational", edited by Efremova T. F. and "explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", sau Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu.
Yog li, rau lo lus nug ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas yog dab tsi, cov lus piav qhia no teb tsis meej nrog kev hloov kho me me: cov neeg saib xyuas, pab pawg tub rog,muab los tiv thaiv ib yam dab tsi los yog ib tug neeg. Hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "tus neeg saib xyuas", "tus neeg saib xyuas" yog siv los ua ke xws li "garrison guard", "guard of honor", "hloov guard", "set guard" thiab lwm yam.
Tus nqi thib ob
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov qub yog hu ua figurative. Peb qhib phau ntawv txhais lus thiab pom dab tsi tus neeg saib xyuas nyob rau hauv tus lej "ob" - lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas, lub luag haujlwm, kev mob. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "post", "neeg zov" yog siv nyob rau hauv cov lus nram qab no: "coj ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv guard", "carry guard", "stand on guard".
Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus hauv qab tus lej "peb" - qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg zov. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin muaj cov kab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus: "Nws khov zoo nkauj ntawm lub rooj sib txoos, thiab mus rau kev tiv thaiv kom sov." Nyob rau hauv lexeme peb xav nyob rau hauv, kev hloov ntawm lub npe ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm zoo sib xws, piv txwv li, metaphorical hloov lwm lub tsev, thiab adjacency - metonymic piv txwv lub ntsiab lus.
Qhia kev pab
Tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias Sergei Lukyanenko, peb niaj hnub no, hais cov kab lus no: "Muaj ib hom kev ywj pheej tsaus nti uas tso ib tug neeg, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, ntawm nws tus kheej, los ntawm nws lub siab. Yog tias koj xav tias tsis muaj dab tsi nyob hauv thiab tsis muaj qhov mob, qw "tus neeg zov", txawm tias nws yuav lig dhau lawm … ". Qhov no quaj zoo li cas? Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov dictionaries kuj muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus lej "plaub" - ib qho exclamation, lub siab xav thov hu rau kev pab. Nov yog qhov uas tus kws sau ntawv muaj npe nrov muaj nyob hauv siab.
Keeb Kwm
Lexeme "tus tiv thaiv" (lub ntsiab luscov lus ua raws) - tsis yog haiv neeg Lavxias. Nws yog qiv los ntawm cov lus Turkic thiab Mongolian, uas yog cov txheeb ze ze. Lavxias teb sab lus Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin sib cav hais tias cov lus Mongolian yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog qhov pib, txawm hais tias kev qiv nyiaj rov qab kuj ua tau. Hauv lwm lo lus, thaum xub thawj Mongolian lexeme "karau", "kara" (saib) dhau mus rau hauv Turkic "kara" (saib), thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov mus ua "karaul" (saib) thiab rov hla ciam teb rau. cov Mongols nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv.
Cov Turkic lexical units "karak" - qhov muag, "karala, karys, karai" - kom saib xyuas, saib ze, saib xyuas, saib xyuas, tsis ntseeg, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv ntxiv ntawm lus. Cov ntaub ntawv muab yog muab los ntawm kev tshaj tawm "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary", tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Starostin S. A. "Lub Ntauwd ntawm Babel".
Synonym rau lo lus "guard"
Raws li cov lus saum toj no, chav kawm lexical yog ib chav muaj txiaj ntsig ntau ntawm cov lus. Yog li ntawd, rau txhua tus nqi muaj synonyms. Ua ntej sau lawv, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi.
Hauv kev hais lus, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, nws yog ib txwm ua kom nkag siab cov ntsiab lus raws li cov lus uas feem ntau xa mus rau tib qho kev hais lus, muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo sib xws, tab sis txawv ntawm kev sau thiab suab. Piv txwv li, kev ua siab zoo - tib neeg, kev txaus siab, kev ua siab mos siab muag; tsev fuabtais - palace, fortress.
lo lus "neeg zov" txhais li cas yog "ib pawg tub rog tshaj tawm los tiv thaiv ib tug neeg lossis ib yam dab tsi"? Muaj ob peb ntawm lawv: kev ruaj ntseg,saib xyuas, saib xyuas, Custodia. Synonyms rau lo lus soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv ib tug figurative kev txiav txim zoo - "exclamation, hu rau kev pab" - yog xws li lexemes li " qw, pab, cawm, sos". Lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm siv tau pab nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no - Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias Lavxias, sau los ntawm N. Abramov, muaj ntau dua peb puas txhiab lo lus thiab kab lus.
Stable expressions
Kev tsom xam ntawm lexeme "karauli" (saib lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus saum toj no) yuav suav hais tias ua tsis tiav yog tias koj tsis saib cov ntsiab lus zoo li kev hais lus. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntau cov lus hloov pauv, uas suav nrog chav ntsuas lexical. Ntawm lawv, feem ntau nthuav thiab nquag siv yog cov kab lus "tsawg kawg qw tus neeg zov", "cuav tus neeg zov" thiab "tus neeg saib xyuas pawg thawj coj saib". Lawv muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm phraseology, xws li: kev ruaj ntseg, kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ob lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus, nrog rau muaj ib lub ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua lo lus suav nrog.
Cov piv txwv saum toj no ntawm cov lus yog holistic, ruaj khov thiab muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo ib yam: "tsawg kawg qw tus neeg zov" - qhov teeb meem nyuaj, tsis muaj kev cia siab, "kom ceev" - zov ib yam dab tsi, zaum ntawm lub moos, "tus neeg saib xyuas” - ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua, cuam tshuam nrog tus saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm los tuav nws nrog lub mallet.
Catchword
Hais txog tus neeg saib xyuas, tsis tuaj yeem hais tsis tau ib qho kev qhia nrov - "Tus neeg saib xyuas nkees!". Nws kev sau ntawv yog ntaus nqi rau tus neeg tsav nkoj Zheleznyak, uas nquag nquagtau koom nrog kev sib cais ntawm Pawg Neeg Koom Tes hauv Lub Ib Hlis 1918. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, thaum sawv ntxov tus neeg tsav nkoj nkag mus rau qhov dav, ci ntsa iab ntawm lub palace uas lub rooj sib tham tau tuav, taug kev dhau los ntawm ntau cov kab, ua siab loj nce lub podium thiab khov kho kom tus neeg hais lus thiab txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem nres lub rooj sib tham, sib cav hais tias tus neeg zov yog supposedly nkees. Cov lus no tau teb nrog kev tsis lees paub, qw nrov nrov thiab npau taws heev. Tab sis Zheleznyak txuas ntxiv lub siab, sib cav tias cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis xav tau kev sib tham, thiab rov hais dua nws cov lus keeb kwm: "Tus neeg saib xyuas nkees!" Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau ruaj khov rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus phraseological raws li kab lus-cim ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua tub rog.
nom tswv nom tswv
Thiab tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm tig mus rau cov ntawv xov xwm, uas yog, rau lub ntiaj teb-nto moo phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Brockhaus thiab Efron, Great Soviet Encyclopedia thiab Tub Rog Encyclopedia. Thaum nug tias tus saib xyuas, tus neeg saib xyuas yog, lawv twb qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus.
Nyob rau hnub ntawm tsarist Russia, cov neeg saib xyuas hauv pab tub rog yog tub rog, tsis yog tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm. Niaj hnub no, muaj lwm chav nyob rau hauv cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog tus neeg saib xyuas sab hauv lossis lub nkoj, uas yog koom nrog kev tiv thaiv cov khoom hauv ib lub chaw tub rog lossis lub nkoj.
Tseem muaj tub ceev xwm saib xyuas. Qhov no yog ib ntus tsim, hu rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm garrison chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev tuaj xyuas, ib ntus thiab hwm cov neeg saib xyuas. Thawj thiab thib ob yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov tub rog thauj khoom lossis cov neeg raug txim thaum lawvkev thauj mus los, i.e. sab nraum lub chaw ua tub rog. Thiab, thaum kawg, hom kawg yog ib lub tuam txhab tsim los tiv thaiv cov chaw keeb kwm, cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws, kom tau raws li cov qhua tuaj ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab muab kev qhuas rau tub rog.
