Radiation yog txheej txheem lub cev, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub zog siv hluav taws xob nthwv dej. Cov txheej txheem rov qab mus rau hluav taws xob yog hu ua absorption. Cia peb xav txog qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws ntxiv, thiab kuj muab piv txwv ntawm hluav taws xob hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab xwm txheej.
Physics ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob
Ib lub cev muaj cov atoms, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim los ntawm zoo nqi nuclei, thiab electrons, uas tsim electron shells nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nuclei thiab tsis zoo nqi. Atoms tau teeb tsa hauv txoj hauv kev uas lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub zog sib txawv, uas yog, lawv tuaj yeem muaj lub zog siab dua thiab qis dua. Thaum lub atom muaj lub zog qis tshaj plaws, nws tau hais tias yog nws lub xeev hauv av, lwm lub zog ntawm lub atom hu ua zoo siab.
Lub neej ntawm lub zog sib txawv ntawm lub atom yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws cov electrons tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qee qib zog. Thaum ib qho hluav taws xob txav los ntawm qib siab dua mus rau qis dua, lub atom poob lub zog, uas nws tawg mus rau qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig hauv daim ntawv ntawm photon - cov khoom nqa khoom.electromagnetic tsis. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev hloov ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm qis mus rau qib siab dua yog nrog los ntawm kev nqus ntawm photon.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los hloov lub atom electron mus rau qib siab zog, uas cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si cuam tshuam rau lub atom ntawm sab nraud electromagnetic hluav taws xob, thiab hloov lub zog rau nws los ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, atoms tuaj yeem tau txais thiab tso tawm lub zog los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj.
YElectromagnetic spectrum
Ua ntej mus rau cov piv txwv ntawm hluav taws xob hauv physics, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txhua lub atom emits qee feem ntawm lub zog. Qhov no tshwm sim vim hais tias cov xeev nyob rau hauv uas ib tug electron yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug atom tsis arbitrary, tab sis nruj me ntsis txhais. Raws li txoj cai, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xeev no yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm qee lub zog.
Nws paub los ntawm atomic physics uas photons tsim los ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob hauv lub atom muaj lub zog uas ncaj qha rau lawv cov zaus oscillation thiab inversely proportional rau wavelength (photon yog ib qho hluav taws xob nthwv dej uas yog tus cwj pwm. los ntawm propagation ceev, ntev thiab zaus). Txij li thaum lub atom ntawm ib yam khoom muaj peev xwm tsuas emit ib co zog, nws txhais tau hais tias lub wavelengths ntawm lub emission photons kuj yog tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej ntawm tag nrho cov ntev no yog hu ua electromagnetic spectrum.
Yog lub wavelength ntawm photonnyob nruab nrab ntawm 390 nm thiab 750 nm, ces lawv tham txog lub teeb pom kev, txij li tus neeg tuaj yeem pom nws ntawm nws lub qhov muag, yog tias lub wavelength tsawg dua 390 nm, ces cov electromagnetic tsis muaj zog thiab hu ua ultraviolet, x-ray. los yog gamma tawg. Rau qhov ntev dua 750 nm, lub zog me me photon yog yam ntxwv, lawv hu ua infrared, micro- lossis xov tooj cua hluav taws xob.
Thermal tawg ntawm lub cev
Txhua lub cev uas muaj qhov kub thiab txias uas tsis yog xoom xoom radiates lub zog, qhov no peb hais txog thermal lossis thermal tawg. Hauv qhov no, qhov kub thiab txias txiav txim siab ob qho tib si electromagnetic spectrum ntawm thermal hluav taws xob thiab tus nqi ntawm lub zog tawm ntawm lub cev. Qhov kub siab dua, lub zog ntau lub cev tawm mus rau qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig, thiab qhov ntau nws cov electromagnetic spectrum hloov mus rau thaj tsam siab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau piav qhia los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Stefan-Boltzmann, Planck thiab Wien.
Piv txwv ntawm hluav taws xob hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, txhua lub cev tawm dag zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab, vim qhov kub ntawm lub cev nyob ib puag ncig peb feem ntau qis dhau, yog li lawv cov spectrum. nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg-zaus pom tsis tau rau tib neeg cheeb tsam.
Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov pom pom yog lub teeb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Hla hauv ib lub kauv, cov hluav taws xob tam sim no heats lub tungsten filament mus txog 3000 K. Qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov filament emit electromagnetic tsis, siab tshaj plaws.uas poob rau hauv qhov ntev-yoj ib feem ntawm qhov pom spectrum.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm hluav taws xob hauv tsev yog lub qhov cub microwave, uas tawm cov microwaves pom tsis tau rau tib neeg lub qhov muag. Cov nthwv dej no tau nqus los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj dej, yog li ua rau lawv lub zog kinetic thiab, vim li ntawd, lawv qhov kub thiab txias.
Thaum kawg, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub neej txhua hnub hauv qhov infrared yog lub radiator ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Peb tsis pom nws cov hluav taws xob, tab sis peb xav tias nws sov.
Natural radiant khoom
Tej zaum qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov xwm txheej yog peb lub hnub qub - Lub Hnub. Qhov kub ntawm lub hnub yog li ntawm 6000 K, yog li nws cov hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws poob ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 475 nm, uas yog, nws nyob hauv qhov pom spectrum.
Lub hnub sov so cov ntiaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig nws thiab lawv cov satellites, uas kuj pib ci. Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab thermal tawg. Yog li, peb lub ntiaj teb tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub pob xiav meej vim yog lub hnub ci ntsa iab. Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub thermal hluav taws xob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, ces nws kuj tshwm sim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub microwave spectrum (kwv yees li 10 microns).
Dhau li ntawm lub teeb pom kev, nws yog qhov nthuav kom muab lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm hluav taws xob hauv qhov xwm txheej, uas cuam tshuam nrog kab civliv. Lub teeb pom kev tawm los ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau thermal tawg thiab yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm atmospheric oxygen thiab luciferin (ib yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv kab kab). Qhov no tshwm sim yoglub npe ntawm bioluminescence.
