Ntau txhiab txhiab yam tshuaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau nruj heev rau hauv peb lub neej, khaub ncaws thiab khau, muab peb lub cev nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, muab cov xwm txheej zoo rau lub neej. Roj, alkalis, acids, gases, ntxhia chiv, xim, yas tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj.
Nws yog chemistry. Tsis paub?
sawv ntxov, peb ntxuav peb lub ntsej muag thiab txhuam hniav. Xuas tes ua, tshuaj txhuam hniav, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj pleev ib ce yog cov khoom lag luam raws li chemistry. Peb brew tshuaj yej, dipped ib piece ntawm txiv qaub rau hauv ib khob - thiab saib yuav ua li cas cov kua yuav sib zog. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshwm sim ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag - acid-base kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam khoom. Chav da dej thiab chav ua noj - txhua tus, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev, ib tug mini-lab ntawm ib lub tsev los yog chav tsev, qhov twg ib yam dab tsi yog khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv los yog vial. Dab tsi tshuaj, peb paub lawv lub npe los ntawm daim ntawv lo: ntsev, dej qab zib, whiteness, thiab lwm yam.
Tshwj xeeb ntau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim hauv chav ua noj thaum ua noj. Frying lauj kaub thiab lauj kaub ntseflasks thiab retorts yog hloov ntawm no, thiab txhua yam khoom tshiab xa mus rau lawv nqa tawm nws tus kheej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cais, cuam tshuam nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ntawd. Ntxiv mus, ib tug neeg, noj cov tais diav npaj los ntawm nws, pib lub mechanism ntawm digestion ntawm zaub mov. Qhov no kuj yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Thiab yog li ntawd hauv txhua yam. Peb lub neej tag nrho yog predetermined los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Mendeleev.
Open rooj
Thaum pib, lub rooj tsim los ntawm Dmitry Ivanovich muaj 63 yam. Qhov ntawd yog pes tsawg ntawm lawv tau qhib thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nkag siab tias nws tau txheeb xyuas qhov deb ntawm cov npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas twb muaj lawm thiab pom nyob rau hauv ntau xyoo los ntawm nws cov thawj coj hauv qhov xwm txheej. Thiab nws tig tawm kom yog. Ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo tom qab, nws lub rooj twb muaj 103 yam khoom, los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 2000s - los ntawm 109, thiab kev tshawb pom txuas ntxiv mus. Cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau tawm tsam los suav cov ntsiab lus tshiab, raws li lub hauv paus - lub rooj tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias.
Mendeleev txoj cai raws sij hawm yog lub hauv paus ntawm chemistry. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv tus kheej ntawm atoms ntawm cov no los yog cov ntsiab lus tau tsim cov ntsiab lus hauv cov xwm txheej. Cov, nyob rau hauv lem, yog yav tas los tsis paub thiab ntau complex derivatives ntawm lawv. Tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov molecules ntawm cov khoom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv lawv, nrog rau cov naj npawb ntawm atoms.
Txhua lub ntsiab lus muaj nws tus kheej tsab ntawv cim
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab yog muab ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv literal thiab cov cim. Peb nyob ib leegpeb hais, peb siv lwm tus thaum sau cov qauv. Sau cov npe ntawm cov khoom sib cais thiab saib ntau ntawm lawv cov cim. Nws qhia tau hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom muaj li cas, muaj pes tsawg lub atoms ntawm ib lossis lwm cov khoom tuaj yeem raug tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua yam khoom tshwj xeeb. Txhua yam yooj yim heev thiab pom, ua tsaug rau lub xub ntiag ntawm cov cim.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub cim qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog thawj zaug, thiab, feem ntau, ib qho ntawm cov ntawv tom ntej los ntawm Latin lub npe ntawm lub caij. Lub kaw lus tau npaj rau thaum xyoo pua 19th los ntawm Berzelius, kws tshuaj ntawm Sweden. Ib tsab ntawv niaj hnub no qhia cov npe ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus. Cov seem yog ob tsab ntawv. Piv txwv ntawm cov npe xws li: tooj liab - Cu (cuprum), hlau - Fe (ferrum), magnesium - Mg (magnium) thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm tej yam khoom yog muab, thiab nyob rau hauv cov qauv - lawv cov cim series.
khoom nyab xeeb thiab tsis zoo
Chemistry nyob ib ncig ntawm peb yog ntau tshaj li qhov nruab nrab tus neeg yuav xav txog. Tsis ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev txawj ntse, peb tseem yuav tau nrog nws hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Txhua yam uas nyob hauv peb lub rooj yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Txawm tib neeg lub cev yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj.
Cov npe tshuaj uas muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg: siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub lossis tsis yog. Complex thiab txaus ntshai ntsev, acids, ether compounds yog heev tshwj xeeb thiab siv tshwj xeebhauv kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij. Lawv xav tau kev saib xyuas thiab qhov tseeb hauv lawv txoj kev siv thiab, qee zaum, kev tso cai tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom uas tsis tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub no tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij, tab sis lawv cov kev siv tsis raug tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem xaus tias tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Cia peb tsom xam cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tib neeg lub neej txuas nrog.
Biopolymer ua khoom siv hauv lub cev
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev yog cov protein - cov polymer uas muaj cov amino acids thiab dej. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov hlwb, hormonal thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, cov leeg nqaij, pob txha, ligaments, cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev. Tib neeg lub cev muaj ntau tshaj li ib lab lub hlwb, thiab txhua tus xav tau cov protein los yog, raws li nws tseem hu ua, protein. Raws li cov saum toj no, muab cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub cev muaj sia. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev yog lub cell, lub hauv paus ntawm lub cell yog cov protein. Tsis muaj lwm yam muab. Qhov tsis muaj protein ntau, nrog rau nws qhov ntau dhau, ua rau cuam tshuam tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev.
Txog 20 alpha-amino acids koom nrog kev tsim cov proteins, tsim cov macromolecules los ntawm peptide bonds. Cov, nyob rau hauv lem, tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj COOH - carboxyl thiab NH2 - amino pawg. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov proteins yog collagen. Nws belongs rau chav kawm ntawm fibrillar proteins. Thawj zaug, tus qauv tsim, yog insulin. Txawm tias ib tug neeg nyob deb ntawm chemistry, cov npe no hais ntau. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub tias cov tshuaj no -cov proteins.
Qhov tseem ceeb amino acids
Ib lub cell muaj cov amino acids - lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj ib sab saw nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm molecules. Lawv tsim los ntawm: C - carbon, N - nitrogen, O - oxygen thiab H - hydrogen. Ntawm nees nkaum tus qauv amino acids, cuaj nkag mus rau lub hlwb tsuas yog nrog zaub mov. Tus so yog synthesized los ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam tebchaw. Nrog lub hnub nyoog los yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab mob, cov npe ntawm cuaj yam tseem ceeb amino acids expands ho thiab yog replenished nrog conditionally tseem ceeb sawv daws yuav.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj tsib puas txawv amino acids paub. Lawv raug faib ua ntau txoj hauv kev, ib qho ntawm lawv faib ua ob pawg: proteinogenic thiab non-proteinogenic. Qee tus ntawm lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov protein. Lub npe ntawm cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg, uas yog cov tseem ceeb: glutamate, glycine, carnitine. Cov tom kawg ua haujlwm ua tus thauj cov lipids thoob plaws hauv lub cev.
Fats: ob qho tib si yooj yim thiab nyuaj
Txhua yam muaj roj zoo li hauv lub cev peb siv hu ua lipids lossis rog. Lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev yog insolubility hauv dej. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj, xws li benzene, cawv, chloroform thiab lwm yam, cov organic tebchaw tawg yooj yim heev. Cov tshuaj sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov rog yog cov khoom zoo sib xws, tab sis cov qauv sib txawv. Hauv lub neej ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia, cov tshuaj no yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws lub zog. Yog li, ib gram ntawm lipids muaj peev xwm tso tawm txog plaub caug kJ.
Ntau tus tuajmolecules ntawm fatty tshuaj tsis tso cai rau lawv yooj yim thiab siv tau kev faib. Qhov tseem ceeb uas koom ua ke lawv yog lawv tus cwj pwm rau cov txheej txheem hydrolysis. Hauv qhov no, cov rog yog saponifiable thiab unsaponifiable. Cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsim thawj pab pawg tau muab faib ua cov lipids yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Yooj yim suav nrog qee hom siv quav ciab, cholesterol esters. Qhov thib ob - sphingolipids, phospholipids thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
Carbohydrates li thib peb ntawm cov khoom noj
thib peb ntawm cov khoom noj tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell nyob nrog rau cov protein thiab cov rog yog carbohydrates. Cov no yog cov organic tebchaw uas muaj H (hydrogen), O (oxygen) thiab C (carbon). Cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates thiab lawv cov haujlwm zoo ib yam li cov rog. Lawv kuj yog qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau lub cev, tab sis tsis zoo li lipids, lawv tsuas yog tau txais nrog zaub mov ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm. Qhov kev zam yog mis nyuj.
Carbohydrates muab faib ua polysaccharides, monosaccharides thiab oligosaccharides. Qee tus tsis yaj hauv dej, lwm tus ua qhov sib txawv. Hauv qab no yog cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj insoluble. Cov no suav nrog cov carbohydrates yooj yim los ntawm pab pawg ntawm polysaccharides xws li hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab cellulose. Lawv faib ua tej yam yooj yim dua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo secreted los ntawm lub digestive system.
Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm ob pawg muaj nyob hauv cov txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dej-soluble qab zib, zoo kawg nkaus nqus los ntawm lub cev. Oligosaccharides - lactose thiab sucrose, monosaccharides - fructose thiab qabzib.
YGlucose thiab fiber
Cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj xws li qabzib thiab fiber ntau feem ntau pom hauv tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub. Ob leeg yog carbohydrates. Ib qho ntawm cov monosaccharides muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm txhua yam kab mob nyob thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Qhov thib ob yog los ntawm polysaccharides, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev zom zaub mov; hauv lwm txoj haujlwm, fiber ntau tsis tshua siv, tab sis nws kuj yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb. Lawv cov qauv thiab synthesis yog heev complex. Tab sis nws yog txaus rau ib tug neeg kom paub txog lub hauv paus functions coj nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus tsis quav ntsej lawv siv.
Glucose muab cov hlwb nrog cov khoom zoo li txiv hmab txiv ntoo qab zib, uas muab lub zog rau lawv txoj kev ua haujlwm zoo. Kwv yees li 70 feem pua ntawm cov piam thaj nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb nrog zaub mov, qhov seem peb caug - lub cev tsim tawm ntawm nws tus kheej. Tib neeg lub hlwb xav tau cov piam thaj ntau dhau ntawm cov zaub mov, vim tias lub cev no tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom cov piam thaj ntawm nws tus kheej . Nyob hauv zib ntab, nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj.
Ascorbic acid tsis yooj yim li
Txoj kev paub rau txhua tus txij li thaum yau, qhov chaw ntawm vitamin C yog cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog uas muaj hydrogen thiab oxygen atoms. Lawv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsim cov ntsev - nws txaus los hloov ib qho atom hauv qhov sib xyaw. Hauv qhov no, lub npe thiab chav kawm ntawm cov khoom yuav hloov. Kev sim ua nrog ascorbic acid tau pom nws cov khoom tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm tib neeg.
Ntxiv rau, nws ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pab tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo ntawm huab cua. Nws muaj anti-aging, whitening zog, tiv thaiv kev laus, neutralizes dawb radicals. Muaj nyob rau hauvcitruses, tswb peppers, tshuaj ntsuab, strawberries. Txog li ib puas milligrams ntawm ascorbic acid - qhov zoo tshaj plaws txhua hnub koob tshuaj - tuaj yeem tau txais nrog sawv hips, hiav txwv buckthorn, thiab kiwi.
khoom ncig peb
Peb ntseeg tias peb lub neej tag nrho yog chemistry, txij li tus neeg nws tus kheej tag nrho muaj nws cov ntsiab lus. Khoom noj khoom haus, khau thiab khaub ncaws, khoom siv tu cev tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov chaw uas peb ntsib cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Peb paub lub hom phiaj ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus thiab siv lawv rau peb tus kheej cov txiaj ntsig. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev tsis tshua muaj koj yuav tsis pom boric acid, los yog slaked txiv qaub, raws li peb hu nws, los yog calcium hydroxide, raws li nws paub rau science. tooj liab sulphate yog dav siv los ntawm cov txiv neej. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom yog los ntawm lub npe ntawm nws lub ntsiab Cheebtsam.
Sodium bicarbonate yog cov dej qab zib hauv tsev. Cov kua qaub tshiab no yog acetic acid. Thiab yog li nrog txhua lub caij ntawm ntuj los yog tsiaj keeb kwm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm cov tshuaj. Nyob deb ntawm txhua tus tuaj yeem piav qhia lawv cov qauv molecular, nws txaus kom paub lub npe, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj thiab siv nws kom raug.
