Thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East yog thaj chaw thaj chaw uas suav nrog thaj chaw hauv cov dej phwj uas ntws mus rau hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific. Qhov no kuj suav nrog Kuril, Shantar thiab Commander Islands, Sakhalin thiab Wrangel Islands. Ntxiv mus, ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation yuav piav qhia nyob rau hauv kom meej, nrog rau qee lub nroog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East (ib daim ntawv teev cov loj tshaj plaws yuav muab rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem).
Pabneeg
thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East yog suav tias yog cov neeg depopulating tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Kwv yees li 6.3 lab tus tib neeg nyob ntawm no. Qhov no yog kwv yees li 5% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Russia. Lub sijhawm xyoo 1991-2010, cov pejxeem poob los ntawm 1.8 lab tus tib neeg. Raws li rau cov pejxeem kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Far East, nws yog -3.9 nyob rau hauv lub Primorsky Territory, 1.8 nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Sakha, 0.7 nyob rau hauv lub JAO, 1.3 nyob rau hauv lub Khabarovsk Territory, 7.8 nyob rau hauv Sakhalin, 17.3 nyob rau hauv lub Magadan cheeb tsam, thiab 17.3. hauv Amur Region. - 6, Kamchatka Thaj Chaw - 6.2, Chukotka - 14.9. Yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv tam sim no txuas ntxiv mus, Chukotka yuav raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv 66 xyoo, thiab Magadan hauv 57 xyoo.
Nkauj
Russia Far East npog thaj tsam ntawm 6169.3txhiab kilometers. Qhov no yog kwv yees li 36% ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws. Transbaikalia feem ntau hu ua Far East. Qhov no yog vim nws qhov chaw nyob, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Cov cheeb tsam nram qab no ntawm Far East yog kev tswj hwm qhov txawv: Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin, Yudas Autonomous Regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territories. Lub Far East Federal District kuj suav nrog Primorsky Krai, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East
Hauv 1-2 txhiab xyoo BC, thaj av Amur tau nyob los ntawm ntau pawg neeg. Cov neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East niaj hnub no tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg li lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov pejxeem tom qab ntawd suav nrog Daurs, Udeges, Nivkhs, Evenks, Nanais, Orochs, thiab lwm yam. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem yog nuv ntses thiab tua tsiaj. Cov chaw qub qub tshaj plaws ntawm Primorye, uas rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm Paleolithic, tau pom nyob ze thaj tsam Nakhodka. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog pob zeb, Itelmens, Ainu thiab Koryaks tau nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kamchatka. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Evenks pib tshwm ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, tsoom fwv Lavxias pib nthuav Siberia thiab Far East. Xyoo 1632 tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Yakutsk. Nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, lub tsev pheeb suab lub caij ntuj no tau teeb tsa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Okhotsk xyoo 1647. Hnub no, qhov chaw no yog qhov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias - Okhotsk.
Kev txhim kho ntawm Lavxias Far East txuas ntxiv mus. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov explorers Khabarov thiab Poyarkov mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tsev loj cuj Yakut. Ntawm Amur thiab Zeya tus dej lawvclashed nrog pab pawg neeg uas them tribute rau Suav Qing faj tim teb chaws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov teb chaws, Nerchinsk Treaty tau kos npe. Raws li nws, lub Cossacks yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau Qing faj tim teb chaws cov cheeb tsam tsim nyob rau hauv lub Albazinsky Voivodeship. Raws li kev pom zoo, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam raug txiav txim siab. Ciam teb raws li kev pom zoo dhau mus rau sab qaum teb raws tus dej. Gorbitsa thiab toj roob hauv pes ntawm Amur phiab. Tsis paub tseeb tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Okhotsk. Cov cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm Taikansky thiab Kivun ntau yam yog undelimited. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Lavxias teb sab Cossacks Kozyrevsky thiab Atlasov pib tshawb txog Kamchatka ceg av qab teb. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nws tau muab tso rau hauv Russia.
XVIII caug xyoo
Xyoo 1724, Peter kuv xa thawj zaug mus rau Kamchatka Peninsula. Nws tau coj los ntawm Vitus Bering. Ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, Lavxias science tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm Siberia. Peb tab tom tham, tshwj xeeb, txog niaj hnub Magadan thiab Kamchatka cheeb tsam. Daim duab qhia tshiab tau tshwm sim, qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Far Eastern ntug dej hiav txwv thiab strait, tom qab ntawd hu ua Bering Strait, tau txiav txim siab raug. Nyob rau hauv 1730 ib tug thib ob ntoj ke mus kawm tau tsim. Nws tau coj los ntawm Chirikov thiab Bering. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm yog mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asmeskas. Kev txaus siab, tshwj xeeb, tau sawv cev los ntawm Alaska thiab Aleutian Islands. Chichagov, Steller, Krasheninnikov pib tshawb txog Kamchatka nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th.
19th century
Lub sijhawm no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East pib. Qhov no tau yooj yim heevqaug zog ntawm Qing Empire. Nws tau koom nrog Opium Tsov Rog xyoo 1840. Kev ua tub rog tawm tsam cov tub rog sib koom ua ke ntawm Fabkis thiab Askiv hauv thaj chaw ntawm Guangzhou thiab Macau xav tau cov khoom siv loj thiab tib neeg cov peev txheej. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, Tuam Tshoj tau raug tso tseg tsis muaj qhov npog, thiab Russia tau siv qhov zoo ntawm qhov no. Nws, nrog rau lwm lub zog nyob sab Europe, tau koom nrog kev faib tawm ntawm Qing Empire uas tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv 1850 Lieutenant Nevelskoy tsaws ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Amur. Nyob ntawd nws tsim ib tug tub rog ncej. Ntseeg tias tsoomfwv Qing tsis tau rov qab los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov rog ua rog thiab raug khi rau hauv nws cov yeeb yam los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Taiping kev tawm tsam, thiab, raws li, tsis tuaj yeem muab cov lus teb txaus rau Russia cov lus thov, Nevelskoy txiav txim siab tshaj tawm cov ntug hiav txwv dej. Tatar Prospect thiab lub qhov ncauj ntawm Amur li cov khoom hauv tsev.
Xyoo 1854, Lub Tsib Hlis 14, suav Muravyov, uas tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Nevelsky txog qhov tsis muaj cov tub rog Suav, koom nrog rafting ntawm tus dej. Kev ntoj ke mus ncig suav nrog Argun steamer, 29 rafts, 48 nkoj thiab txog 800 tus neeg. Thaum lub caij rafting, mos txwv, tub rog thiab zaub mov raug xa. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog mus rau Kamchatka los ntawm hiav txwv kom ntxiv dag zog rau Peter thiab Paul garrison. Cov seem tseem tshuav rau kev ua raws li txoj kev npaj rau kev kawm ntawm thaj av Amur ntawm yav dhau los Suav thaj chaw. Ib xyoos tom qab ntawd, kev rafting thib ob tau teeb tsa. Nws tau koom nrog txog 2.5 txhiab tus neeg. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1855, ntau qhov chaw tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv qis qis ntawm Amur: Sergeevskoye, Novo-Mikhailovskoye, Bogorodskoye,Irkutsk. Nyob rau hauv 1858, txoj cai bank twb officially annexed rau Russia raws li lub Aigun Treaty. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Russia txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub Far East tsis yog ib tug nruj xwm. Daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe nrog lwm lub xeev yam tsis muaj kev siv tub rog.
Lub cev qhov chaw
Lub Far East ntawm Russia nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ciam teb ntawm DPRK, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Nyiv. Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj hauv Bering Strait - los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Lwm lub xeev uas Far East (Russia) ciam teb yog Tuam Tshoj. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tswj hwm, muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm Far Eastern Federal District. Yog li ntawd, lub thiaj li hu ua cheeb tsam ntawm Far East ntawm Russia yog txawv. Cov no yog thaj chaw loj loj. Sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Siberia, thawj ntawm cov no, kwv yees sib haum mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Yakutia (cov cheeb tsam roob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Aldan thiab Lena). Lub tebchaws North Pacific yog thaj tsam thib ob. Nws suav nrog thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj av Magadan, Cheeb Tsam Chukotka Autonomous, thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Khabarovsk Territory. Nws kuj suav nrog Kuril Islands thiab Kamchatka. Lub teb chaws Amur-Sakhalin suav nrog cov neeg Yudais Autonomous Okrug, Amur Thaj Chaw, sab qab teb ntawm Khabarovsk Territory. Nws kuj suav nrog cov kob ntawm Sakhalin thiab Primorsky Krai. Yakutia suav nrog hauv Central thiab yav qab teb Siberia, tshwj tsis yog rau nws sab hnub tuaj.
Climate
Ntawm no yuav tsum tau hais tias Far East ntawm Russia muaj qhov loj heev. Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb. Thoob plaws hauv Yakutia thiab hauv Kolyma cheeb tsam ntawm thaj av Magadan, piv txwv li, lub teb chaws loj heev. Thiab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj - monsoon hom kev nyab xeeb. Qhov txawv no yog txhaiskev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hiav txwv thiab continental huab cua huab cua nyob rau hauv temperate latitudes. Sab qab teb yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm huab cua huab cua huab cua, thiab dej hiav txwv thiab huab cua zoo li rau sab qaum teb. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm thaj av ntawm North Asia thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific. Hiav txwv ntawm Okhotsk, nrog rau lub Primorsky txias tam sim no raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Nyiv Pooj Teb, muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau lub xeev ntawm kev nyab xeeb. Lub roob siab kuj tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv cheeb tsam no. Nyob rau sab av loj ntawm Far Eastern Federal District, lub caij ntuj no muaj daus me me thiab khov.
Huab cua nta
Lub caij ntuj sov no kub heev, tab sis luv luv. Raws li rau thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv, ntawm no lub caij ntuj no yog daus thiab me me, springs txias thiab ntev, caij nplooj zeeg sov thiab ntev, thiab lub caij ntuj sov kuj txias. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, cyclones, pos huab, typhoons thiab torrential rains yog nquag. Qhov siab ntawm cov daus poob hauv Kamchatka tuaj yeem ncav cuag rau meters. Qhov ze rau thaj tsam yav qab teb, qhov av noo ntau dua. Yog li, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Primorye, nws yog feem ntau teem nyob ib ncig ntawm 90%. Yuav luag thoob plaws hauv Far East thaum lub caij ntuj sov muaj cov nag ntev. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau systematic dej nyab, dej nyab ntawm cov av ua liaj ua teb thiab cov vaj tse nyob. Nyob rau hauv Far East, muaj lub sij hawm ntev ntawm tshav ntuj thiab huab cua ntshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nag tsis tu ncua rau ob peb hnub yog suav tias yog ntau heev. Hom kev sib txawv ntawm Far East ntawm Russia txawv ntawm "grey" European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub Far Eastern Federal DistrictTseem muaj cua daj cua dub. Lawv tuaj ntawm cov suab puam ntawm Northern China thiab Mongolia. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Far East yog sib npaug los yog Far North (tshwj tsis yog rau thaj tsam Jewish Autonomous Region, sab qab teb ntawm Amur Region, Primorsky thiab Khabarovsk Territories).
Natural resources
Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov khoom siv raw yog loj heev. Qhov no tso cai rau nws los ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam Lavxias hauv ntau txoj haujlwm. Yog li, Far East nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab ntau lawm suav rau 98% ntawm pob zeb diamond, 80% tin, 90% boron raw cov ntaub ntawv, 14% tungsten, 50% kub, ntau tshaj 40% ntawm cov nqaij nruab deg thiab ntses, 80% ntawm soybeans, cellulose 7%, ntoo 13%. Ntawm cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Far Eastern Federal District, tsis yog-ferrous hlau mining thiab ua, pulp thiab ntawv, nuv ntses, cav ntoo kev lag luam, nkoj kho thiab shipbuilding yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg.
Industries
Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, cov nyiaj tau los tseem ceeb yog coj los ntawm cov ntoo, kev lag luam nuv ntses, mining, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Cov kev lag luam no suav nrog ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam. Manufacturing industries yog suav hais tias underdeveloped. Thaum exporting raw cov ntaub ntawv, lub cheeb tsam incurs poob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus nqi ntxiv. Qhov deb ntawm Far Eastern Federal District ua rau muaj kev thauj mus los tseem ceeb. Lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm tus nqi ntsuas ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam.
Mineral Resources
Raws li lawv cov peev txheej, Far East tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias Federation. Hais txog ntim, tin, boron, thiab antimony muaj nyob ntawm no suav txog li 95% ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej hauv lub tebchaws. Fluorspar thiab mercury account rau txog 60%, tungsten - 24%, hlau ore, apatite, haiv neegsulfur thiab lead - 10%. Nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Sakha, nyob rau hauv nws sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, muaj ib lub xeev pob zeb diamond, loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Aikhal, Mir, thiab Udachnoye deposits account rau ntau tshaj 80% ntawm tag nrho cov pob zeb diamond reserves nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov pov thawj reserves ntawm hlau ore nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Yakutia muaj ntau tshaj 4 billion tons, qhov no yog hais txog 80% ntawm lub regional ntim. Cov reserves no tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv Yudas Autonomous Region. Muaj cov pob zeb loj loj hauv South Yakutsk thiab Lena phiab. Nws cov deposits kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territories, thiab lub Amur cheeb tsam. Placer thiab ore kub deposits tau pom thiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Sakha thiab lub Magadan cheeb tsam. Cov deposits zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk thiab Primorsky Territories. Nyob rau tib thaj chaw, cov deposits ntawm tungsten thiab tin ore yog tsim. Lead thiab zinc reserves feem ntau yog concentrated hauv Primorsky Krai. Ib lub xeev titanium ore tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk Territory thiab Amur Cheeb Tsam. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv uas tsis yog xim hlau. Cov no yog, tshwj xeeb, reserves ntawm limestone, refractory av nplaum, graphite, sulfur, quartz xuab zeb.
geostrategic qhov chaw
FEFD yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw tseem ceeb rau Lavxias Federation. Muaj kev nkag mus rau ob lub hiav txwv: Arctic thiab Pacific. Nrog rau kev nce qib siab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thaj av Asia-Pacific, kev koom ua ke rau hauv Far East Federal District yog qhov zoo heev rau cov txiv neej. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog, Far East tuaj yeem dhau los ua "tus choj" hauv Asia-Pacific Region.
Lub nroog ntawm Russia Far East: list
KCov nroog loj xws li Vladivostok, Khabarovsk. Cov nroog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far East yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab geostrategic tseem ceeb rau Lavxias teb sab Federation. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk yog suav tias yog pheej yig heev. Yakutsk yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau tag nrho cheeb tsam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tseem muaj cov neeg tuag. Lawv feem ntau nyob hauv Chukotka. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim kev nkag tsis tau ntawm thaj chaw thiab huab cua hnyav.
