Kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog ntau tus neeg txawj ntse thiab ua haujlwm nyuaj uas tsis ntshai ua rau lawv tus kheej qhov kev xav, tawm tswv yim, tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab. Kev txhim kho, tib neeg tau pom ntau qhov tshwj xeeb, nthuav thiab tseem ceeb nrhiav pom hauv thaj chaw ntawm biology rau txhua xyoo txhiab. Leej twg yog cov neeg uas tau qhuas Russia? Leej twg yog biologists nto moo?
Los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg mus rau tiam 19th
Ntaus biologists thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom tau pib tshwm sim ntev dhau los. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum tsis muaj kev hais lus ntawm xws li kev tshawb fawb, cov neeg tshwm sim uas xav nkag siab txog cov secrets ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Cov no yog cov neeg nto moo xws li Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.
Biology raws li kev tshawb fawb pib tshwm sim ze rau xyoo pua 17th. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob nyob tau tshwm sim, xws li kev qhuab qhia xws li microbiology thiab physiology tau yug los. Anatomy txuas ntxiv txhim kho: lub voj voog thib ob ntawm cov ntshav ncig tau tshawb pom, erythrocytes thiab spermatozoa ntawm cov tsiaj tau kawm thawj zaug. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog William Harvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.
XIX and XXxyoo pua yog lub ncov ntawm kev tshawb pom tshiab uas tau hloov lub ntiaj teb no. Cov kws paub txog biologist uas nto moo tshaj plaws uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem hloov pauv txoj kev tshawb fawb. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries tsis tuaj yeem overestimated, vim hais tias lub ntsiab hypotheses thiab innovation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv biology, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. Tej zaum qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau ua tsuas yog ua tsaug rau cov neeg xws li Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov thiab ntau lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias nto moo.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
YYug xyoo 1744 hauv Picardy. Nws tau tso nws qhov kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb, uas nws tau raug hu ua tus thawj coj ntawm Darwin. Lamarck kuj tau qhia txog lo lus "biology" thiab tso lub hauv paus rau cov kev qhuab qhia xws li zoology thiab paleontology ntawm invertebrates.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Tom qab nws txiv tuag, Leeuwenhoek pib ua haujlwm ua lub khob iav zoo tib yam. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau los ua tus tswv ntawm nws cov khoom siv tes ua, uas tau pab nws tsim nws tus kheej 200x microscope. Nrog rau lub tshuab ntsuas no, Leeuwenhoek pom cov kab mob muaj sia nyob dawb - cov kab mob thiab cov neeg tiv thaiv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb yog thawj zaug ua pov thawj tias cov ntshav yog cov kua uas muaj ntau lub hlwb. Cov qe ntshav, erythrocytes, kuj tau tshawb pom los ntawm Leeuwenhoek.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
I. P. Pavlov yug hauv Ryazan xyoo 1849. Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv hauv nws lub nroog, nws txiav txim siab txuas nws lub neej nrog kev tshawb fawb. Yav tom ntej tus kws tshawb fawb kawm tiav los ntawm kev kho mobphais academy, tau txais kev txawj ntse ntawm scalpel los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv. Yuav ua li cas cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo pua 19 ua tiav?
Pavlov txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb tau ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Nws kawm txog cov qauv ntawm lub hlwb, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulse. Tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog kev zom zaub mov, uas nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv xyoo 1904. Txog thaum nws tuag, I. P. Pavlov ua hauj lwm ua tus rector ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Physiology ntawm lub Academy of Sciences.
Zoo li txhua tus kws paub txog tsiaj keeb kwm nto moo, Pavlov siv nws lub neej feem ntau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Txog li 35 xyoo nws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb, txuas cov haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau los ua tus tsim ntawm cov kev taw qhia tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb - lub physiology ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab dua. Kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob, cov tsev kho mob puas hlwb thiab cov tsiaj kennels. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov xwm txheej rau kev ua haujlwm ib txwm yog muab los ntawm tsoomfwv ntawm USSR nws tus kheej, txij li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau pab ua ib kauj ruam loj rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb.
YVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
Xyaum txhua tus kws paub txog tsiaj keeb kwm Lavxias nto moo yog cov kws kho mob zoo, kws kho mob, lej. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj yog V. I. Vernadsky, tus neeg xav zoo, tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws tshawb fawb.
Vernadsky yug hauv 1863 hauv St. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab lej ntawm St. Petersburg University, nws pib kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntxhia. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tau muab kev txhawb zog rau kev tsim kev qhuab qhia tshiab - biogeochemistry.
Vernadsky kuj tau tso nws qhov kev xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm biosphere, raws li txhua yam kabmob muaj sia nyob. Nrog rau lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv kev ncig ntawm cov khoom, nws muab cov khoom nyob thiab tsis muaj sia nyob rau hauv ib qho kev lom neeg.
YIlya Ilyich Mechnikov
Ntaus biologists ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau tshawb pom ntau yam hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Mechnikov yug hauv 1845 hauv lub zos Ivanovka, Kharkov xeev, kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv xyoo 1862 thiab nkag mus rau Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab lej ntawm Kharkov University. Tom qab ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab, tus kws tshawb fawb pib nws txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw ntawm invertebrate embryology.
Xyoo 1882, Mechnikov ntsib nrog Louis Pasteur, uas muab nws txoj haujlwm zoo hauv Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd rau ob peb xyoos ntxiv. Lub sijhawm no, nws tsis tsuas yog ua ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw embryology, tab sis kuj tau pib kawm txog qhov tshwm sim xws li phagocytosis. Qhov tseeb, Mechnikov tswj kom pom nws thawj zaug siv cov piv txwv ntawm leukocytes.
Xyoo 1908, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj. Ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov kev qhuab qhia no tau nce mus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho.
Mechnikov ua haujlwm hauv University of Paris txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej thiab tuag tom qab ob peb lub plawv nres.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Ntaus biologistsRussia tuaj yeem khav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. N. I. Vavilov, kws microbiologist, botanist, cog physiologist, astronomer thiab geographer, tsis muaj kev zam.
Vavilov yug hauv 1887 hauv Moscow. Txij li thaum yau, nws nyiam sau cov nroj tsuag, sau cov herbariums, thiab kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias nws qhov chaw kawm yav tom ntej yuav yog Moscow Agricultural Institute, uas nws muaj peev xwm qhia tau nws cov txuj ci.
Vavilov qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog txoj cai ntawm homologous series, uas piav qhia txog kev sib luag hauv kev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov kab mob. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tias cov tsiaj sib ze muaj tib lub alleles ntawm tib lub noob. Qhov tshwm sim no yog siv rau hauv kev yug me nyuam los kwv yees lub peev xwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
YDmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)
Ntaus biologists ua hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm botany, anatomy, physiology, tab sis kuj txhawb kev qhuab qhia tshiab. Piv txwv li, D. I. Ivanovsky pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm virology.
Ivanovsky kawm tiav hauv St. Petersburg University hauv 1888 ntawm Department of Botany. Raws li kev taw qhia ntawm cov kws qhia txawj ntse, nws tau kawm txog tsob nroj physiology thiab microbiology, uas tau muab sijhawm rau nws los nrhiav cov khoom siv rau nws qhov kev tshawb pom yav tom ntej.
Dmitry Iosifovich tau tshawb fawb txog kev haus luam yeeb. Nws pom tias tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov luam yeeb mosaic tsis pom nyob rau hauv lub microscope uas muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab tsis loj hlob ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo tib yam. Ib me ntsis tom qab, nws xaus lus tias muaj cov kab mob uas tsis yog cellularkeeb kwm uas ua rau cov kab mob zoo li no. Ivanovsky hu ua lawv cov kab mob, thiab txij li thaum ntawd los xws li ib ceg ntawm biology li virology tau raug tsim, uas lwm yam biologists nto moo ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsis tau.
Zoo kawg
Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas muaj peev xwm qhuas Russia nrog lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws paub txog biologists thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem hu rau 19th-20th centuries lub ncov ntawm scientific kev ua si, lub sij hawm ntawm zoo discoveries.
