Lo lus nug tseem ceeb uas tus neeg yuav tsum paub cov lus teb kom nkag siab txog daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog dab tsi yog cov khoom hauv chemistry. Lub tswv yim no yog tsim thaum muaj hnub nyoog kawm ntawv thiab coj tus me nyuam txoj kev loj hlob ntxiv. Thaum pib kawm chemistry, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nrhiav tau cov av nrog nws nyob rau hauv txhua hnub, qhov no tso cai rau koj kom meej meej thiab yooj yim piav qhia txog tej yam txheej txheem, txhais, cov khoom, thiab lwm yam.
Hmoov tsis zoo, vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev kawm, ntau tus neeg tsis nco qab qee yam hauv paus. Lub tswv yim ntawm "khoom nyob rau hauv chemistry" yog ib hom ntawm lub hauv paus, lub sij hawm assimilation ntawm lub ntsiab lus no muab ib tug neeg pib txoj kev loj hlob tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm natural science.
Tsim lub tswvyim
Ua ntej mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov teeb meem, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry yog dab tsi. Cov khoom yog dab tsi chemistry ncaj qha kawm, lawv kev sib hloov pauv, qauv thiab cov khoom. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, qhov teeb meem yog lub cev lub cev ua los ntawm.
Yog li, dab tsi yog ib yam khoom hauv chemistry? Cia peb tsim ib lub ntsiab lus los ntawm kev dhau los ntawm lub tswv yim dav dav mus rau ib qho tshuaj dawb huv. Cov khoom yog ib yam ntawm cov teeb meem, yuav tsum muaj ib tug loj, uastuaj yeem ntsuas tau. Cov yam ntxwv no txawv ntawm lwm yam teeb meem - thaj chaw uas tsis muaj huab hwm coj (hluav taws xob, sib nqus, biofield, thiab lwm yam). Qhov teeb meem, dhau los, yog qhov peb thiab txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig peb yog ua los ntawm.
Ib yam txawv me ntsis ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas txiav txim siab seb nws yog ua los ntawm - qhov no yog ib qho kev kawm ntawm chemistry. Cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm atoms thiab molecules (qee ions), uas txhais tau hais tias ib yam khoom uas muaj cov qauv no yog ib yam khoom.
Yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj
Tom qab paub cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, koj tuaj yeem txav mus rau qhov nyuaj rau nws. Cov khoom tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm lub koom haum, uas yog, yooj yim thiab complex (los yog cov tebchaw) - qhov no yog thawj zaug faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom, chemistry muaj ntau tom qab sib faib, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab complex. Qhov kev faib tawm no, tsis zoo li ntau lwm tus, tau hais nruj me ntsis ciam teb, txhua qhov kev sib txuas tuaj yeem qhia meej meej rau ib qho ntawm cov hom sib txawv.
Ib yam khoom yooj yim hauv chemistry yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov atoms ntawm tsuas yog ib lub caij los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Mendeleev. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog binary molecules, uas yog, muaj ob qhov sib txuas los ntawm covalent uas tsis yog-polar daim ntawv cog lus - tsim ntawm ib leeg ib leeg electron khub. Yog li, cov atoms ntawm tib cov tshuaj muaj tib yam electronegativity, uas yog, muaj peev xwm tuav tau ib qho electron ceev, yog li nws tsis hloov mus rau ib qho ntawm cov neeg koom nrog. Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom yooj yim (tsis yog hlau) -hydrogen thiab oxygen, chlorine, iodine, fluorine, nitrogen, sulfur, thiab lwm yam. Ib qho molecule ntawm xws li ozone muaj peb atoms, thiab tag nrho cov noble gases (argon, xenon, helium, thiab lwm yam) muaj ib tug. Nyob rau hauv cov hlau (magnesium, calcium, tooj liab, thiab lwm yam) nws muaj nws tus kheej hom ntawm daim ntawv cog lus - nws yog xim hlau, uas yog nqa tawm los ntawm socialization ntawm dawb electrons nyob rau hauv cov hlau, thiab cov tsim ntawm molecules li xws li yog tsis pom. Thaum sau cov khoom siv hlau, tsuas yog lub cim ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yog qhia yam tsis muaj qhov ntsuas.
Ib yam khoom yooj yim hauv chemistry, piv txwv uas tau muab los saum toj no, txawv ntawm ib qho nyuaj hauv nws cov khoom zoo. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke yog tsim los ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, los ntawm ob lossis ntau dua. Hauv cov khoom zoo li no, covalent polar lossis ionic hom kev khi yuav siv qhov chaw. Txij li cov atoms sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv electronegativity, thaum ib qho kev sib koom ua ke electron tau tsim, nws hloov mus rau ntau lub ntsiab lus electronegative, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov molecule. Hom ionic yog ib qho xwm txheej hnyav ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb, thaum ib khub ntawm electrons tag nrho dhau mus rau ib qho ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, ces cov atoms (los yog pawg ntawm lawv) tig mus rau ions. Tsis muaj ciam teb meej meej ntawm cov hom no, daim ntawv cog lus ionic tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog covalent muaj zog polar. Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom nyuaj yog dej, xuab zeb, iav, ntsev, oxides, thiab lwm yam.
Tshuaj Hloov Kho
Cov khoom uas hu ua yooj yim yeej muaj qhov tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj nyob hauv cov khoom nyuaj. Qee cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau homyam yooj yim. Lub hauv paus tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov qauv thiab cov khoom radically txawv qhov kev tsim. Qhov no hu ua allotropy.
Oxygen, sulfur, carbon thiab lwm yam khoom muaj ntau qhov kev hloov kho allotropic. Rau oxygen, cov no yog O2 thiab O3, carbon muab plaub hom tshuaj - carbine, pob zeb diamond, graphite thiab fullerenes, sulfur molecule yog rhombic, monoclinic thiab yas hloov kho. Xws li cov khoom siv yooj yim hauv chemistry, piv txwv tsis txwv rau cov teev saum toj no, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Hauv particular, fullerenes yog siv los ua semiconductors hauv tshuab, photoresistors, additives rau kev loj hlob ntawm pob zeb diamond films thiab rau lwm yam hom phiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lawv muaj zog antioxidants.
Yuav ua li cas rau tshuaj?
Txhua thib ob sab hauv thiab ib puag ncig muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj. Chemistry txiav txim siab thiab piav qhia cov txheej txheem uas mus nrog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab / lossis kev hloov pauv ntau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj molecules. Nyob rau hauv parallel, feem ntau interconnected, lub cev transformations kuj tshwm sim, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov duab, xim ntawm cov khoom los yog lub xeev ntawm aggregation thiab ib co lwm yam ntxwv.
Cov tshuaj phenomena yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam, piv txwv li, cov khoom sib txuas, hloov pauv, hloov pauv, decompositions, thim rov qab, exothermic, redox, thiab lwm yam, nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev txaus siab. Lub cev phenomena muaj xws li: evaporation, condensation, sublimation, dissolution, khov, hluav taws xob conductivitylwm. Feem ntau lawv nrog rau ib leeg, piv txwv li, xob laim thaum muaj cua daj cua dub yog txheej txheem ntawm lub cev, thiab kev tso tawm ntawm ozone nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev ua yog ib qho tshuaj.
Lub cev muaj zog
Ib yam khoom hauv chemistry yog ib qho teeb meem uas muaj qee yam ntawm lub cev. Los ntawm lawv lub xub ntiag, tsis tuaj, kawm ntawv qib siab thiab siv zog, ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees seb cov khoom yuav coj li cas hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, nrog rau piav qhia qee yam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tebchaw. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus kub kub ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas muaj hydrogen thiab electronegative heteroatom (nitrogen, oxygen, thiab lwm yam) qhia tau hais tias xws li tshuaj lom neeg sib cuam tshuam raws li hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus yog tshwm sim hauv cov khoom. Ua tsaug rau kev paub txog cov tshuaj twg muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no, cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov xaim hluav taws xob yog tsim los ntawm qee yam hlau.
tshuaj muaj zog
Tsim, tshawb fawb thiab kawm ntawm lwm sab ntawm lub npib ntawm cov khoom yog chemistry. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm nws qhov kev xav yog lawv cov reactivity rau kev sib cuam tshuam. Qee cov tshuaj muaj zog heev hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, piv txwv li, hlau lossis lwm yam oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, thaum lwm tus, cov pa roj (inert) tsis zoo, xyaum tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov kev xav hauv ib txwm muaj. Cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua tau los yog passivated raws li qhov xav tau, qee zaum tsis muaj teeb meem ntau, thiab qee zaum tsis yooj yim. Cov kws tshawb fawb siv sijhawm ntau teev hauv chav kuaj, dhau los ntawm kev sim thiab ua yuam kev, ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj.cov hom phiaj, qee zaum lawv tsis ua tiav. Los ntawm kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig tsis zoo (kub, siab, thiab lwm yam) lossis siv cov tshuaj sib xyaw tshwj xeeb - catalysts lossis inhibitors - nws muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev faib cov tshuaj
Txhua qhov kev faib tawm yog ua raws li kev faib cov tebchaw rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov organics yog carbon, sib txuas nrog ib leeg thiab hydrogen, carbon atoms tsim ib tug hydrocarbon skeleton, uas yog ces sau nrog lwm cov atoms (oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, halogens, hlau thiab lwm yam), kaw nyob rau hauv lub voj voog los yog ceg., yog li no justifying ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Txog niaj hnub no, 20 lab cov khoom no paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Thaum muaj tsuas yog ib nrab lab cov ntxhia sib xyaws.
Txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog tus kheej, tab sis nws kuj muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog lwm tus hauv cov khoom, qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, raws li qhov no muaj kev sib koom ua ke rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom. Chemistry muaj ib theem siab ntawm systematization thiab koom haum, nws yog ib tug tiag tiag science.
Inorganic substances
1. Oxides yog binary compounds nrog oxygen:
a) acidic - thaum cuam tshuam nrog dej, lawv muab kua qaub;
b) pib - thaum cuam tshuam nrog dej, lawv muab lub hauv paus.
2. Acids yog cov khoom uas muaj ib los yog ntau dua hydrogen protons thiab ib qho acid residue.
3. Bases (alkalis) - muaj ib lossis ntau pawg hydroxyl thiab cov hlau atom:
a) amphoteric hydroxides - nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm ob qho tib si acids thiab bases.
4. Cov ntsev yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kua qaub thiab alkali (lub hauv paus soluble), muaj cov hlau atom thiab ib lossis ntau cov kua qaub seem:
a) acid ntsev - cov anion ntawm cov kua qaub seem muaj cov proton, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis tiav ntawm cov kua qaub;
b) cov ntsev yooj yim - pawg hydroxyl yog khi rau cov hlau, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis tiav ntawm lub hauv paus.
YOrganic Compounds
Muaj ntau ntau chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov organic teeb meem, nws nyuaj rau nco ntsoov cov ntaub ntawv ntim ib zaug. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom paub cov kev faib ua feem rau hauv aliphatic thiab cyclic compounds, carbocyclic thiab heterocyclic, saturated thiab unsaturated. Hydrocarbons kuj muaj ntau yam derivatives nyob rau hauv uas hydrogen atom yog hloov los ntawm halogen, oxygen, nitrogen thiab lwm yam atoms, raws li zoo raws li pab pawg neeg.
Tshuaj hauv chemistry yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Ua tsaug rau cov organic synthesis, ib tug neeg niaj hnub no muaj ntau cov khoom siv dag zog uas hloov cov khoom ntuj tsim, thiab kuj tsis muaj qhov sib piv hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv hauv xwm.
