Birch bark ntawv yog cov lus ntiag tug thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 10th-16th centuries, cov ntawv uas tau siv rau birch bark. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv no tau pom los ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1951 thaum lub sij hawm archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm coj los ntawm historian A. V. Artsikhovsky. Txij thaum ntawd los, nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm qhov kev pom no, txhua txhua xyoo hnub so ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv Novgorod - Hnub ntawm birch bark tsab ntawv. Lub ntoj ke mus kawm ntawd coj tau cuaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv, thiab los ntawm 1970 lawv twb pom 464 daim. Archaeologists pom Novgorod birch bark ntawv nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov av, qhov chaw uas seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov khib nyiab qub tau khaws cia.
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv ntawm birch bark yog cov ntawv tus kheej. Lawv tau cuam tshuam txog ntau yam teeb meem kev lag luam thiab hauv tsev, muab cov lus qhia thiab piav qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Birch-bark tsiaj ntawv ntawm ib nrab tso dag thiab cov ntsiab lus frivolous kuj pom. Tsis tas li ntawd, Arkhipovsky pom cov ntawv luam uas muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tawm tsam lawv cov tswv, tsis txaus siab txog lawv txoj hmoo thiab cov npe. Tswv Ntuj faults.
Cov ntawv ntawm birch bark tau sau siv txoj kev yooj yim thiab qub - nws tau khawb tawm nrog cov hlau ntse lossis pob txha sau (tus pin). Yav dhau los, cov tawv ntoo birch tau ua tiav kom cov ntawv tuaj yeem pom tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv nyeem tau muab tso rau ntawm birch bark hauv kab, feem ntau tsis muaj kev faib ua cov lus. Thaum sau ntawv, tus cwj mem tsis yooj yim yuav luag tsis siv. Birch bark feem ntau yog luv thiab pragmatic, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Qhov chaw nyob thiab tus sau paub tsis tau hais hauv nws.
Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tom qab thiab cov ntawv sau rau ntawm nplooj ntoo birch tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tsev cia puav pheej. Tag nrho cov ntawv tau pom. S. V. Maximov, tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab, hais tias nws tus kheej tau pom ib phau ntawv tawv ntoo hauv Mezen ntawm Cov Ntseeg Qub.
Birch bark, ua cov khoom siv rau kev sau ntawv thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv, tau nthuav dav hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, tab sis poob nws qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Nws yog thaum ntawd daim ntawv, uas yog pheej yig dua, tau dav siv ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Russia. Txij thaum ntawd los, birch bark tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv sau cia. Nws yog siv los ntawm cov neeg siv feem ntau rau cov ntaub ntawv ntiag tug thiab kev sau ntawv ntiag tug, thaum cov ntawv sau thiab cov lus tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws tau sau rau ntawm parchment.
Maj mam, cov tawv ntoo birch kuj tawm hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntawv pom, qhov kev tsis txaus siab tau sau tseg rau tus thawj coj, cov kws tshawb fawb pom ib qho kev qhia kom rov sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv bark birch ntawm parchment thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd.xa rau.
Hnub ntawm cov ntawv tshwm sim feem ntau hauv txoj kev stratigraphic - raws li txheej txheej uas tau pom. Ntau cov ntawv ntawm birch bark yog hnub tim vim hais txog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm lossis cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv lawv.
Birch bark yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm peb cov lus. Nws yog los ntawm lawv hais tias ib tug muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub chronology los yog degree ntawm koob meej ntawm ib tug linguistic tshwm sim, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm tsos thiab etymology ntawm ib lo lus tshwj xeeb.. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub, uas tau xyaum tsis muaj caij nyoog nkag mus rau hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv lub sijhawm ntawd.
