Tuam Tshoj yog lub tebchaws loj uas muaj neeg coob coob. Tam sim no ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tus neeg nyob ntawm no. Qhov no tej zaum yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam lus thiab adverbs siv nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub xeev. Txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov lus tseem ceeb, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau cheeb tsam. Kuj tseem muaj lus hais thiab sau ntawv. Yog li, hnub no peb yuav pom tias Mandarin muaj qee yam sib xws nrog citrus, nrog rau qhov twg thiab los ntawm leej twg nws siv.
Los ntawm qhov twg?
hais lus ntawm lo lus no, nws tsim nyog pib nrog qhov tseem ceeb. Mandarin tsis yog hom lus uas hais ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Nws kuj tseem suav hais tias yog pawg lus tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog qhov uas Suav Mandarin tuaj rau hauv. Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias Dungan kuj yog nyob rau sab qaum teb Suav, nws feem ntau hu ua "mandarin" (los ntawm lo lus "putonghua"). Lub npe no yog tej zaum ncaj ncees. Txawm hais tias Mandarin nyob ntawm no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm pab pawg. Tab sis lub npe no tau muab rau Northern Suav ua tsaug rau Western cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Europeans. Hauv kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv CIS, nws yog cov lus Suav uas yog Suav Northern,los yog nws ntau yam Mandarin.
Ntau yam ntawm Suav Mandarin
Raws li tau hais dhau los, hom lus no suav nrog tsis yog Putonghua (Mandarin), tab sis kuj muaj lwm yam lus. Lawv tag nrho muab faib ua 8 pawg. Ntxiv mus, lawv raug cais vim cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub koom pheej. Piv txwv li, muaj ib pab pawg neeg sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov lus. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees tias nws yog siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Kuj tseem muaj ib pab pawg hauv Beijing tau hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog.
Tam sim no, muaj ntau lub koom haum nyuaj, uas ua rau nyuaj rau cov tib neeg los nkag siab txog kev koom nrog cov neeg hais lus. Piv txwv li, Jianghuai subgroup nyob ib cheeb tsam me me uas nyob ze ntawm tus dej Yangtze. Ntawm lwm yam, muaj zhongyuan, lan-yin, chi-lu thiab chiao-liao subgroups. Lawv nyob ib cheeb tsam loj. Tab sis feem ntau, tej zaum, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog pawg sab qab teb sab hnub poob. Hauv daim duab hauv qab no, thaj chaw uas Mandarin siv yog xim ntsuab tsaus.
Nyob zoo
Nrog rau cov lus Mandarin, kuj muaj tsawg dua nyob rau hauv pawg Suav Northern. Piv txwv li, Jin hais lus tsuas yog siv los ntawm 45 lab tus tib neeg xwb. Lawv nyob hauv xeev Shanxi, nrog rau sab qaum teb Shaanxi thiab Hebei.
Beijing Branch
Qhov no suav nrog xya yam lus tseem ceeb. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws: Beijing thiab Putonghua (Mandarin). Ntawm lwm yam, muaj cov lus tshwj xeeb uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, muaj cov hauv paus zoo sib xws nrog cov qauv Suav. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txawv ntawm lawvkev faib tawm thiab kev tshaj tawm.
Muaj Karamay, Hailar, Chifeng cov lus, nrog rau cov lus Chengde thiab Jin cov lus hais ua ntej. Tag nrho cov hom lus no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau ceg ntawm Beijing thiab yog qhov nkag siab tshaj plaws rau cov neeg kawm Suav, vim lawv yog cov qauv tshaj plaws.
Official
Cov lus Suav yog Suav. Nws muaj 10 pawg lus. Kev sib txuas lus, cov pej xeem siv cov lus Suav, uas hu ua Putonghua ntawm no. Nws kuj tseem siv hauv Singapore (huayu), thiab hauv Hong Kong thiab Taiwan nws hu ua guoyu. Putonghua feem ntau yog hu ua ib hom lus uas hais lus. Hauv lus sau, tus qauv hu ua baihua.
Basis
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, Putonghua hais txog cov lus hauv Beijing, uas yog nyob rau sab qaum teb Suav pawg. Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus ua raws li tag nrho cov qauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.
Npe
Putonghua tuaj yeem hu tau sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv. Lub npe raug siv ncaj qha hauv Beijing thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, hauv Singapore nws hu ua huayu, ib yam li hauv Malaysia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Taiwan - goyu. Putonghua nyob rau sab hnub poob tau txais lub npe txawv txawv - Mandarin. Nws tag nrho pib nrog European cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab lawv nyiam hu nws tsis yog Putonghua nkaus xwb, tab sis tag nrho cov pab pawg Suav sab qaum teb.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau sab hnub poob lawv feem ntau sivLub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb - Standard Mandarin. Nws muaj ntau yam sib txawv: "Mandarin", "Mandarin Suav", thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog ib qho kev cai rau kev paub qhov txawv ntawm Putonghua thiab nws cov dialects. Thiab cov "citrus" version tsis yog txhua tus tau txais los ntawm cov zej zog kev kawm. Txawm hais tias kev tshaj tawm rau "lo lus liab" nyiam siv lub npe no.
Portuguese cag
Mandarin Suav tshuav qhov "citrusy" lub npe rau Portugal. Tsawg tus neeg paub tias cov lus Suav qaum teb qee zaum hu ua Guanhua. Qhov tseeb, qhov no txhais tau tias - "bureaucratic hais lus." Qhov no rov ua pov thawj tias Mandarin tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv thiab nyeem tau zoo heev.
Hauv Portugal, cov thawj coj loj feem ntau hu ua "tangerines", uas txhais tau tias "tus thawj coj, nom tswv". Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm imperial Tuam Tshoj, qhov no yog li cas cov Portuguese hu ua influential neeg. Yog li ntawd, me ntsis tom qab, ib daim ntawv taug qab ntawm guanhua tau tshwm sim, thiab putonghua tau txais lub npe tsis raug cai - "mandarin".
Feem ntau, dhau li qhov tseeb tias Putonghua yog ib hom lus nrov heev, nws tseem muaj ntau pawg. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias thaum nws tau qhia ua lus Askiv, cov cheeb tsam uas yav dhau los tsis tau hais ib hom lus ntawm Mandarin Suav hloov pauv Putonghua rau hauv lawv tus kheej version. Yog li ntawd, lus Mandarin, raws li tau hais ua ntej, muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lwm cheeb tsam. Ntawm lawv yog Taiwanese goyu, Singaporean huayu, thiab ntau yam putonghua -Guangdong.
Historical puag
Ua ntej Putonghua, daim ntawv hais lus tsis raug cai ntawm sab qaum teb, Guanhua, tau siv yav dhau los. Muaj qhov ua tau tias nws pib tsim thaum ntxov li 1266. Tom qab ntawd Suav lub nroog tau tsiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Beijing niaj hnub. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Yuan Dynasty pib nws txoj kev kav. Nyob rau hauv 1909, goyu tau paub, uas rau qee lub sij hawm yog tus qauv kev cai. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov npe hu ua Putonghua. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog tsis yog sau nkaus xwb tab sis kuj yog cov qauv ntawm qhov ncauj.
Leej twg hais?
Cov tub ceev xwm tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntau dua Putonghua raws li qhov ncauj sib npaug ntawm kev hais lus hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj uas siv lwm hom lus. Qhov teeb meem no txawm raug sau rau hauv Suav Txoj Cai Lij Choj. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib nws tus kheej yog qhov qeeb qeeb. Mandarin tam sim no siv hauv TV thiab xov tooj cua, tab sis tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem tuaj yeem piav qhia ua hom lus no. Tsuas yog 18% siv hom lus hauv tsev, hauv kev sib txuas lus. Thiab 42% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv hais lus Mandarin tom tsev kawm ntawv thiab tom haujlwm.
Txhawm rau tswj qhov teeb meem no, ib qho kev xeem tau qhia uas qhia txog qib kev paub lus. Kev txiav txim siab leej twg hais lus Mandarin tsuas yog yooj yim dua. Tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias cov txiaj ntsig tsis yog qhov peb xav pom tom qab ntau tshaj 30 xyoo ntawm kev qhia Mandarin.
Qhov taw qhia siab tshaj plaws yog qib "1-A". Nws yog muab rau cov neeg uas ua tsawg dua 3% ntawm qhov ua yuam kev. Feem ntau, qhov txiaj ntsig no dhau qhov kev xeemyug Beijingers. Thiab ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem, qhov ntsuas no yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus. Yog tias nyob rau hauv Beijing 90% ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam tau txais, ces tus thawj coj ze tshaj plaws yog lub nroog Tianjin nrog 25% ntawm cov neeg dhau.
Ua haujlwm hauv xov tooj cua thiab TV, koj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau ntau tshaj 8% ntawm qhov yuam kev, thiab qhov no yog qib "1-B". Nws yog cov neeg sawv cev tshaj tawm uas yuav tsum tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no. Yuav kom tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Suav cov ntaub ntawv, koj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau ntau tshaj 13% ntawm qhov yuam kev - qib "2-A". Txawm hais tias muaj kev ntxhov siab zoo li no rau kev sib kis ntawm Putonghua, ntau tus neeg Suav tseem tuaj yeem nkag siab cov lus no. Txawm hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem hais hom lus no.
