Nws tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv ob peb yam lus Askiv cov lus tib lub suab los yog spelled txawv, thiab ib co kab lus raug tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txoj kev los yog tag nrho incomprehensible. Qhov laj thawj nyob hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm Askiv thiab Asmeskas Askiv. Yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob nkag siab yuam kev thiab tsis txaj muag hauv kev sib tham nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws? Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm Asmeskas Askiv thiab Askiv Askiv - thiab rov ua dua.
Tam sim no, lus Askiv yog hom lus thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib hom lus hauv 59 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb (raws li xyoo 2017), ib txwm muaj ntau dua 300 lab tus tib neeg thiab hom lus kawm tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Interestingly, Lus Askiv yog ib qho ntawm ob peb hom lus uas tus lej ntawm cov neeg kawm yog ob peb zaug ntau dua li tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg uas hom lus yog haiv neeg. Niaj hnub nimnocov ntsiab lus, suav nrog cov kws tshaj lij, los ntawm lus Askiv. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov peev txheej hauv Ntiaj Teb Ntiaj Teb yog lus Askiv.
Tau kawg, nrog kev sib kis zoo li no, nws tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev sib sau ntawm cov lus. Txawm nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws muaj ntau hom lus, hais tsis muaj dab tsi ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev faib lus Askiv ua Askiv thiab Asmeskas Askiv. Uas tsis paub rau ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm hais lus Lavxias. Cov kab lus hauv qab no tham txog qhov sib txawv ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv Askiv.
Lub sij hawm "British English"
Lus Askiv tsis yog hom lus txawv. Lub sij hawm tau qhia kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus Askiv classical los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv, suav nrog Asmeskas.
Ib yam lus, Askiv Askiv yog lus hais thiab sau ntawv Askiv. Nws tseem yog hu ua lus huab tais, ua lus Askiv zoo lossis Oxford English. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, tsis muaj ib lub koomhaum uas saib xyuas cov lus purity; tus qauv rau kev sau ntawv thiab hais kom raug yog txiav txim los ntawm Oxford Dictionary. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, muaj ntau hom lus Askiv hauv tebchaws Askiv, suav nrog Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Gaelic thiab Cornish.
History of British English
Cov lus Askiv ib txwm tau hloov pauv tsis sib xws thiab tau hloov pauv ntau ntau xyoo dhau los. Nws siv nws keeb kwm los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov pab pawg neeg German:Jutes, Angles, Saxons.
Thaum cov pab pawg neeg German nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Askiv niaj hnub no, cov lus Latin thiab Celtic maj mam pib raug yuam kom siv. Lawv qhov chaw yog coj los ntawm cov lus uas tuaj ntawm Old Norse. Lub sijhawm no, Cov Lus Askiv Laus tau yug los thiab muaj mus txog thaum Norman Conquest.
Lub sijhawm tom qab Norman Conquest (Middle English, XI-XV centuries) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Fab Kis thiab cov lus qhia ntawm ntau cov lus Fabkis rau lus Askiv - hauv lus Askiv niaj hnub, txog 30% ntawm cov lus tau txais los ntawm Fabkis hom lus. Xws li lub hwj chim loj heev yog vim qhov tseeb tias Fabkis tau suav tias yog lus ntawm cov nom tswv thiab tau txais kev sib txuas lus hauv zej zog siab, kos duab, suab paj nruag, kev ua tub rog, kev tshawb fawb.
Theem tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm lus Askiv yog lus Askiv niaj hnub (XV-XVII centuries). Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Shakespeare ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov lus - nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev qhia ntau dua 1,700 cov lus tshiab thiab kab lus rau hauv kev ncig.
Hnub yug ntawm cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no suav hais tias yog lub Plaub Hlis 15, 1755 - hnub no tau luam tawm Samuel Johnson phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov lus qiv nyiaj hauv lus Askiv yog qhov loj thiab tshaj li cov lus Askiv ib txwm muaj. Ntxiv rau Fabkis thiab Old Norse, Spanish, Persian, German, Italian thiab txawm tias Lavxias thiab Nyij Pooj kuj cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov lus.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "American English"
American English yog cov lus hais ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lus Askiv,txais nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Haiv neeg rau ntau tshaj 80% ntawm cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas, qhov tseeb nws yog hom lus ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj nyob hauv Txoj Cai Lij Choj ua lus hauv xeev.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Asmeskas Lus Askiv
keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob yog ncaj qha ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas nws tus kheej.
Lus Askiv tau coj tuaj rau Asmeskas los ntawm Askiv (feem ntau yog Askiv) cov neeg nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 17th thiab 18th. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg Khab nyob rau sab av loj, hais lus sib txawv. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws United States niaj hnub no, ntxiv rau cov British, conquerors los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe - Fabkis, Spain, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Holland, Sweden, Russia - loj heev tuaj txog. Kev vam meej ntawm cov av tshiab thiab kev npaj lub neej nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis tau tshawb nrhiav yuav tsum muaj cov lus uas feem ntau nkag tau thiab nkag siab rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv. Xws li ntau haiv neeg uas siv lus Askiv ib txwm ua rau nws hloov kho thiab yooj yim.
Yog li, raws li Askiv Askiv, Asmeskas version muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab txawv ntawm tus thawj. Ntxiv rau cov kev hloov pauv uas tau txais los ntawm sab nraud, cov lus Askiv niaj hnub Asmeskas muaj nws cov lus uas tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas - lub npe hu ua "Americanisms".
Lexical sib txawv ntawm Asmeskas Askiv thiab Askiv
Muaj ntau hom neeg Asmeskas. Cov no tej zaum yuav yog cov lus uas txawv ntawm lawv cov British counterparts los yog txawm muaj lub ntsiab lus txawv; cov lus,tsuas yog siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas; siv tsis tau hauv tebchaws Askiv tab sis thoob plaws hauv Asmeskas; American slang, thiab lwm yam. Cia peb saib qee qhov piv txwv.
Derivative discrepancies
qhov sib txawv no suav nrog cov lus zoo sib xws uas los ntawm tib lub hauv paus, tab sis raug tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv, piv txwv li, siv cov lus sib txawv, lossis los ntawm kev ua kom yooj yim, uas yog cov lus Askiv Asmeskas.
| British | American version | translation |
| acclimatize | acclimate | acclimatize |
| anticlockwise | counterclockwise | counterclockwise |
| pyjamas | pajamas | pajamas |
| tyre | tire | tire |
| pretence | pretense | pretending |
| cheque | check | check |
| analyse | analyze | analyze |
| realyse | realyze | pab paub |
Vim tias cov lus Askiv Asmeskas ib txwm siv zog ua kom yooj yim, ib qho ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv yog qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tsab ntawv uas tsis tau hais tawm, txawm tias nws yog lub suab lossis tus lej. Feem ntau qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv -ou, tab sis kuj muaj nyob hauv lwm lo lus:
| British | American version | translation |
| xim | xim | xim |
| honour | ncig | ncig |
| labour | labor | labor |
| favour | favor | kev pabcuam |
| neighbour | neighbor | neighbor |
| maths | math | math |
| programme | program | program |
Nco ntsoov, ntawm -l thiab -ll, txhua yam tsis meej. Feem ntau cov lus, ob-l ploj hauv Asmeskas version, tab sis qee zaum, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tshwm sim thaum tsis muaj nws hauv Askiv.
| British | American version | translation |
| jewellery | jewelry | jewel |
| traveler | travel(-l)er | traveler |
| npe | npe | register |
| but: | ||
| fulfil | fwb | perform |
| kawg | kev txawj ntse | kev txawj ntse |
Qhov tseem ceeb kuj yog qhov txawv ntawm kev sau ntawm qee lo lus qiv los ntawm Fab Kis. Cov lus Askiv ib txwm muaj khaws cia cov lus Fab Kis-kawg-re suffix, thaum nyob rau xyoo pua 18th American version -re ua -er, piv txwv li:
- centre and center (center)
- meter thiab ntsuas (meter)
- litre thiab litr (litre)
- theatre thiab theatre (theatre), thiab lwm yam.
Lexical discrepancies
Ntxiv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sau cov lus zoo sib xws, muaj cov lus Askiv thiab Asmeskas cov lus Askiv sib txawv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab saib txawv kiag li.
Ntawm no yog cov npe ntawm qee cov lus:
| British | American version | translation |
| flat | apartment | apartment |
| autumn | autumn | |
| film | movie | film |
| lift | elevator | elevator |
| underground | subway | metro |
| maize | pob kws | pob kws |
| elk | moos | moos |
| biscuit | cookie | cookies |
| ntse | smart | smart |
British-American homonyms
Raws li koj paub, homonyms yog tib yam hauv kev sau, tab sis txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Hauv cov lus Askiv thiab Asmeskas, muaj ntau lo lus uas sau tib yam, tab sis raug muab txhais ua lwm yam lus txawv, thiab qee zaum tawm tsam. Piv txwv li, pavement: nyob rau teb chaws Aas Kiv nws yog ib tug taug kev, thaum nyob rau hauv lub US, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, nws yog ib tug pavement, ib tug carriageway, ib txoj kev.
Lo lus ris kuj yog qhov txaus siab: hauv Asmeskas style nws yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus Askiv trousers - trousers. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hais txog lub ris British, vim. nws yuav ua rau tsis meej pem los yog txawmaggression, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv classical English ris txhais tau hais tias ib lub caij ntawm ris tsho hauv qab.
American slang
Ntxiv rau cov npe sib txawv ntawm cov lus Askiv Asmeskas thiab Askiv Askiv, ib tus yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm Asmeskas Lus Askiv - American slang. Nrog lub siab xav ua kom yooj yim, Asmeskas Lus Askiv tso cai nkag mus rau cov lus slang rau hauv cov lus sau, thaum qhov no tsis tsim nyog rau Askiv Askiv.
Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog qhov kev paub zoo "OK", uas yog siv los qhia kev pom zoo lossis kev ris txiaj, nrog rau cov lus hais txog qhov ua tau zoo.
Hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov nkauj ntawm Asmeskas keeb kwm, koj tuaj yeem hnov cov lus "Kuv yuav", "Kuv xav", "Kuv gotta", uas tsis muaj cov lus piv txwv hauv Askiv. Cov kab lus no yog cov ntawv luv ntawm cov qauv siv classic "Kuv yuav mus", "Kuv xav", "Kuv yuav tsum"
Cov qauv sau ntawv sib txawv ntawm Askiv thiab Asmeskas Lus Askiv
Lus Askiv thiab Asmeskas yog ob ceg ntawm tib hom lus, yog li tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv.
Using Present Perfect
Ib yam ntawm Americanized sau ntawv yog kev siv yav dhau los Indefinite es tsis txhob Present Perfect txawm nrog adverbs ntawm lub sij hawm xwb, twb, tseem. Qhov no yog txhua yam txuas nrog tib qhov yooj yim ntawm cov qauv.
Piv txwv:
| Americankev xaiv | British | translation |
| movie nyuam qhuav pib. | zaj movie nyuam qhuav pib. | zaj movie nyuam qhuav pib. |
| Nws mus lawm. | Nws mus lawm. | Nws twb ncaim mus lawm. |
| Kuv tseem tsis tau qhia nws txog kuv txoj haujlwm tshiab. | Kuv tseem tsis tau qhia nws txog kuv txoj haujlwm tshiab. | Kuv tsis tau qhia nws txog kuv txoj haujlwm tshiab. |
Siv cov lus qhia kom muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsiab lus ncaj nraim
Kev nkag siab yuam kev tuaj yeem ua rau kev siv muaj hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "muaj", "muaj"
Hauv lus Askiv lees paub, nug thiab tsis zoo, cov lus qhia yog siv nrog "tau", piv txwv li:
- Kuv muaj tsheb. - Kuv muaj tsheb.
- Koj puas tau muaj tsheb? - Koj puas muaj tsheb?
- Kuv tsis tau muaj tsheb. - Kuv tsis muaj tsheb.
Nws yog qhov ntau dua rau Asmeskas kev hloov pauv siv tau ua ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua:
- Kuv muaj tsheb.
- Koj puas muaj tsheb?
- Kuv tsis muaj tsheb.
qhia tsis meej
Koj tuaj yeem pom tias qee cov lus qhia tsis tu ncua tsuas yog tsis xwm yeem hauv Askiv Askiv: hauv Asmeskas Lus Askiv, lawv tsim lub sijhawm dhau los los ntawm kev ntxiv -ed rau lo lus qia, ib yam li cov lus qhia tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv li:
| British | American version | translation |
| kawm | kawm | tuag |
| burnt | burned | burned |
| dab tsi | dreamed | dab tsi |
hais lus
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv Askiv kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv xov tooj. Ib lub suab lus Asmeskas suab txawv heev ntawm cov lus Askiv Askiv. Ntau tus neeg kawm lus classical pom tias nws nyuaj rau kev nkag siab txog kev hais lus Asmeskas. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv qee cov lus thiab intonation, nrog rau cov lus Asmeskas ntawm kev hais lus vowels kom meej meej, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus Askiv.
Lwm yam ntawm American pronunciation yog lub prounciation ntawm tsab ntawv "r" tom qab ib tug vowel, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov lus tsheb, ntxhais, ib feem, pib.
Notable is the disappearance of the melodic sound [j] in American pronunciation: words like tune, Tuesday, lune sound like "toone", "toosday", "loone"
Kev xaiv twg los kawm?
Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab kev xav tau. Tsis muaj kev xaiv zoo dua lossis phem dua; txhua yam lus yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv nws lub caij. Asmeskas lus Askiv yog yooj yim dua, niaj hnub, muaj sia nyob thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Asmeskas kab lis kev cai. Cov lus Askiv yog hom lus classic uas tsim nyog ntawm kev hais lus muaj koob muaj npe thiab khaws cia hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Askiv.
