Shcherba Lev Vladimirovich - tus kws paub lus Lavxias zoo, suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm St. Petersburg phonological tsev kawm ntawv. Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb paub nws lub npe. Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau xav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau lwm tus neeg, raws li zoo raws li lawv kev sib raug zoo. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hais lus. Tag nrho cov no yog lub sijhawm kom paub txog tus kws tshawb fawb zoo li Lev Shcherba. Nws biography yog nthuav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no.
Studying at the gymnasium and university
Xyoo 1898 nws kawm tiav hauv Kyiv gymnasium nrog ib qho khoom plig kub, thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus hauv Kyiv University, cov kws qhia ntawv ntuj. Xyoo tom qab, Lev Vladimirovich tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg University, mus rau lub department ntawm keeb kwm thiab philology. Ntawm no nws ua haujlwm feem ntau hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws. Nyob rau hauv nws xyoo thib 3, nws tau mus koom kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev qhia txog kev paub lus los ntawm xibfwb Baudouin de Courtenay. Nws tau xav txog nws txoj hauv kev rau cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb thiab pib kawm raws li kev qhia ntawm tus xibfwb no. Shcherba Lev Vladimirovich nyob rau hauv nws lub xyoo laus sau ib tsab ntawv muab ib tug puav pheej kub. Nws yog hu ua "Psychic Element in Phonetics". Nyob rau hauv 1903 nws kawm tiav nws cov kev kawm ntawmTsev kawm ntawv, thiab Baudouin de Courtenay tawm Shcherba ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Sanskrit thiab Kev Sib Piv Cov Qauv Qauv.
mus ncig ua si txawv teb chaws
St. Petersburg University hauv 1906 xa Lev Vladimirovich mus txawv tebchaws. Nws siv ib xyoos nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis, kawm Tuscan dialects ntawm nws tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1907, Shcherba tsiv mus rau Paris. Nws tau paub txog cov cuab yeej hauv chav sim ntawm kev sim xov tooj, kawm lus Fab Kis thiab lus Askiv los ntawm txoj kev xov tooj thiab ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm cov khoom siv sim.
Studying the Lusatian dialect
Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, Lev Vladimirovich tau siv lub caij nplooj zeeg caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1907 thiab 1908. Nws kawm cov lus ntawm Lusatian nyob ze ntawm Muskau. Txaus siab rau cov lus Slavic ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau txhawb nqa nws Baudouin de Courtenay. Kev kawm nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib xyaw lus. Lev Vladimirovich nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub nroog ntawm Muskau, nyob rau hauv lub countryside, tsis to taub ib lo lus nyob rau hauv lub dialect yog kawm. Shcherba kawm hom lus thaum nyob nrog tsev neeg saws, koom tes nrog nws, sib koom kev lom zem hnub Sunday. Lev Vladimirovich tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv sau rau hauv ib phau ntawv, uas tau xa los ntawm Shcherba rau kev kawm tiav qib siab. Hauv Prague, nws tau siv sijhawm kawg ntawm nws qhov kev mus txawv tebchaws kawm Czech lus.
Experimental Phonetics Room
Shcherba Lev Vladimirovich, tau rov qab los rau St. Petersburg, pib ua haujlwm hauv chav sim ntawm kev sim xov tooj cua, uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1899 hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub sijhawm ntev. Qhov chaw ua haujlwm no yog Shcherba qhov kev xav tau nyiam. Tom qab ua tiav cov nyiaj pab, nws tau xaj thiab tsim cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, ua kom lub tsev qiv ntawv ntxiv tas li. Rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo, nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj, kev tshawb fawb tau ua tsis tu ncua ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub phonological systems thiab phonetics ntawm cov lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub Soviet Union. Thawj thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv nws lub chaw soj nstuam, Lev Shcherba npaj kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv lub pronunciation ntawm cov lus ntawm Western Europe. Lev Vladimirovich nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920s tsim ib tug project rau lub koom haum Linguistic nrog kev koom tes ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Rau nws, kev sib txuas ntawm phonetics nrog ntau lwm yam kev qhuab qhia, xws li physics, psychology, physiology, neurology, psychiatry, thiab lwm yam yog ib txwm meej.
Qhia, nthuav qhia
Pib txij xyoo 1910, Lev Shcherba tau qhia txog kev qhia txog cov kev kawm xws li linguistics (linguistics) ntawm lub koom haum Psychoneurological, thiab kuj tau qhia cov chav kawm phonetics ntawm cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rau cov xib fwb ntawm cov lag ntseg thiab cov neeg ruam. Xyoo 1929, kev sib tham txog kev sim xov tooj cua tau teeb tsa hauv chav kuaj rau ib pawg kws kho mob hais lus thiab kws kho mob.
Shcherba Lev Vladimirovich tau nthuav tawm ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Otolaryngologists ob peb zaug. Nws kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kws tshaj lij hais lus thiab hais lus, nrog cov kws hu nkauj theorists thiab nrog lub ntiaj teb kev ua yeeb yam tsis muaj qhov muaj zog. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1920, tus kws sau ntawv Soviet Shcherba ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Nyob Lo Lus. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, nws tau qhuab qhia lus Lavxias thiab xov tooj ntawm Lavxias Lavxias Kev Ua Yeeb Yam, thiab kuj tau nyeem tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Leningrad State Conservatory, ntawm lub tuam tsev suab.
Lab Development
Nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, nws lub chaw kuaj mob tau dhau los ua ib lub tsev tshawb fawb thawj zaug. Cov cuab yeej tshiab tau nruab rau hauv nws, cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm maj mam nce, thiab qhov ntau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm nthuav dav. Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws tau pib tuaj ntawm no, feem ntau yog los ntawm lub tebchaws koom pheej.
Lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1909 txog 1916
Los ntawm 1909 txog 1916 - lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub neej ntawm Shcherba hauv kev tshawb fawb. Nws tau sau 2 phau ntawv thaum 6 xyoo no thiab tiv thaiv lawv, ua thawj tus tswv thiab tom qab ntawd ua tus kws kho mob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Lev Vladimirovich coj seminars ntawm linguistics, lub tsev teev ntuj qub Slavonic thiab Lavxias teb sab, nyob rau hauv sim phonetics. Nws qhia cov chav kawm sib piv cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Indo-European, txhua xyoo tsim nws chav kawm ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm hom lus tshiab.
Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Philological Sciences Lev Shcherba txij li xyoo 1914 coj cov tub ntxhais kawm lub voj voog, uas kawm txog cov lus Lavxias. Nws cov neeg koom nrog yog: S. G. Barkhudarov, S. A. Eremin, S. M. Bondi, Yu. N. Tynyanov.
Tib lub sijhawm, Lev Vladimirovich pib ua haujlwm tswj hwm hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Shcherba tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev los hloov lub koom haum ntawm kev qhia, kom nce mus rau qib ntawm kev ua tiav tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Lev Vladimirovich tsis tu ncua tawm tsam nrog niaj hnub thiab formalism nyob rau hauv nws pedagogical kev ua si, thiab yeej tsis cuam tshuam nws lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1913 nws tawm ntawm St. Petersburg pedagogical lub koom haum, txij li thaum tam sim no lub ntsiabrau tus kws qhia ntawv, nws tsis yog kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev paub, tab sis kev ua raws li cov cai ntawm bureaucratic uas hloov kev tshawb fawb thiab cuam tshuam rau kev pib ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.
1920s
Nyob rau xyoo 1920, nws qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev txhim kho lub xov tooj ntawm kev qhia lus txawv teb chaws, nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm txoj kev no. Shcherba tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau qhov raug thiab purity ntawm kev hais lus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov phonetic phenomena ntawm cov lus muaj scientific kev pab them nqi thiab tau assimilated los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub siab xav. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Shcherba cov kev qhia qhia yog ua si los ntawm kev mloog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntawv txawv teb chaws. Txhua qhov kev cob qhia, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm txoj kev no, raws li Shcherba ntseeg. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xaiv cov phaj hauv ib qho system. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas Lev Vladimirovich tau them ntau xim rau lub suab sab ntawm cov lus. Nws ntseeg hais tias kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm kev hais lus hauv ib hom lus txawv teb chaws muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim tawm ntawm lub suab, mus txog intonations. Lub tswv yim no yog ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm Shcherba, uas ntseeg hais tias lub ncauj lus ntawm cov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau nws raws li kev sib txuas lus.
Lev Vladimirovich hauv xyoo 1924 tau raug xaiv los rau All-Union Academy of Sciences ua nws cov tswv cuab. Tom qab ntawd nws pib ua haujlwm hauv Phau Ntawv Txhais Lus Commission. Nws txoj hauj lwm yog luam tawm ib phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, ib qho kev sim los tsim uas yog tsim los ntawm A. A. Shakhmatov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj haujlwm no, Lev Vladimirovich muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim hauv kev ua lej ntawm lexicography. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev sau phau ntawv txhais lus hauv ib nrab xyoo 1920s, siv zogsiv theoretical kev tsim kho hauv kev xyaum.
French Tutorials
Lev Shcherba xyoo 1930 kuj tau pib sau phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias-Fabkis. Nws tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib txawv lexicography, uas tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv cov lus ua ntej rau phau ntawv thib 2, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Shcherba txoj haujlwm dhau ib lub sijhawm ntawm kaum xyoo. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws Fab Kis los ntawm Soviet Union. Cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm phau ntawv no yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov phau ntawv txhais lus.
Txawm li cas los xij, Lev Vladimirovich tsis tso tseg. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1930s, nws luam tawm lwm phau ntawv ntawm Fabkis hom lus - "Fabkis Phonetics". Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws nees nkaum xyoo ntawm kev qhia thiab kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus. Phau ntawv no yog ua raws li kev sib piv nrog cov lus Lavxias ntawm Fabkis.
Kev qhia ua lus txawv teb chaws
Lev Vladimirovich nyob rau hauv 1937 coj lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws. Shcherba tau hloov kho lawv cov kev qhia, qhia nws tus kheej txoj kev nyeem ntawv thiab nkag siab cov ntawv hauv lwm hom lus. Txog rau qhov kawg no, Shcherba tau coj lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb rau cov kws qhia ntawv, ua qauv qhia nws cov tswv yim ntawm cov khoom siv Latin. Phau ntawv, uas qhia txog nws lub tswv yim, yog hu ua "Yuav kawm li cas txawv teb chaws." Lev Vladimirovich rau 2 xyoo ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev tau nce qib ntawm lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm txuj ci.
Shcherba kuj nyiam cov lus Lavxias. Lev Vladimirovich koom nrogdav tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, ua hauj lwm ntawm kev sib hais haum thiab standardization ntawm spelling thiab sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj uas kho Barkhudarov phau ntawv kawm.
xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej
Lev Vladimirovich thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1941 tau khiav tawm mus rau thaj tsam Kirov, hauv nroog Molotovsk. Nws tau tsiv mus rau Moscow thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1943, qhov chaw nws rov qab mus rau nws txoj kev ua neej ib txwm muaj, ua rau nws tus kheej hauv kev qhia, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm. Txij lub Yim Hli 1944, Shcherba tau mob hnyav, thiab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 26, 1944, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba tuag.
Kev pab txhawb rau cov lus Lavxias ntawm tus txiv neej no loj heev, thiab nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub no. Lawv suav hais tias yog classics. Lavxias teb sab lus, phonology, lexicography, psycholinguistics tseem yog raws li nws tej hauj lwm.
