Koj tuaj yeem hnov tias cov tshuaj hauv USSR yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Puas yog tiag? Cov kev txheeb cais yog inexorable: tam sim no tsuas yog 44% ntawm Russians, uas yog, tsawg tshaj li ib nrab, xav tias nws yuav tsum tau mus tham ib tug kws kho mob rau tej yam mob, tus so zam cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no dawb nrog tag nrho lawv lub zog. Ob feem peb ntawm cov pej xeem yog categorically tsis txaus siab rau qhov zoo ntawm cov kev pab kho mob, yws txog inattention, rudeness thiab incompetence ntawm kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho mob. Yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub USSR? Cia peb piv cov tshuaj Soviet thiab niaj hnub no, thiab tom qab ntawd luv luv kov ntawm kev ua tiav thiab cov kws kho mob zoo ntawm USSR.
kev kho mob pub dawb hauv USSR
Kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub tebchaws Soviet tau pub dawb. Cov pej xeem Soviet tsis xav tau txoj cai kho mob. Ib tug neeg laus tuaj yeem tau txais kev kho mob tsim nyog hauv txhua qhov kev sib hais haum hauv USSR yog tiaskev nthuav qhia ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws, thiab daim ntawv pov thawj hnub yug yog txaus rau cov menyuam yaus. Them polyclinics, tau kawg, tau nyob hauv Union, tab sis, thawj zaug, lawv tus lej yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab qhov thib ob, cov kws kho mob uas muaj peev xwm thiab paub txog ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd, ntau yam nrog qib siab.
Lub Xeev Ntawm Tshuaj Kho Mob
Hnub no muaj ib qho piv txwv ntawm lwm txoj kev. Koj tuaj yeem tiv tauj lub tsev kho mob hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nyob lossis mus rau qhov them nyiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, daim pib mus rau tus kws kho mob (txawm tias peb tab tom tham txog tus kws kho mob zoo tib yam) yuav tsum tau noj ib mus rau ob lub lis piam ua ntej, thiab cov kab rau cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb ncab rau rau lub hlis lossis ntau dua. Qee pawg ntawm cov pej xeem tuaj yeem dhau qee cov txheej txheem dawb, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau sau npe rau lawv ib mus rau ob xyoos ua ntej.
Kev kawm kho mob zoo nkauj
Cov kws kho mob hauv tebchaws Soviet tau txais kev kawm zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv 1922, nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas lub xeev, 16 tshiab faculties kho mob tau qhib nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm qhia ntawv tau hloov kho, thiab kev cob qhia cov neeg ua hauj lwm kho mob tau nthuav. Ib qho kev hloov kho loj, uas tau nce lub sijhawm ntawm kev kawm hauv tsev kawm kho mob mus rau xya xyoo, tau tshwm sim thaum xyoo 60s lig. Qhov kev hloov pauv tib yam qhia txog kev qhia cov kev kawm tshiab, ntau yam kev qhuab qhia raug hloov mus rau cov chav kawm junior, thiab kev cob qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm tau ntxiv dag zog.
Dab tsi tam sim no?
Hnub no, yuav luag txhua tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov neeg mob, kuaj mob thiab sau tshuaj: ob qho tib si cov uas tau kawm tiag tiag thiab cov uas tsuas yog yuav daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab uas tsim nyog. Txawmcov uas tsis muaj kev kawm tuaj yeem dhau los ua kws kho mob. Koj tsis tas yuav saib deb rau cov piv txwv. Gennady Malakhov, uas kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm haujlwm ua haujlwm nrog kev kawm tiav hauv hluav taws xob tshuab hluav taws xob thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, tau ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm kev noj qab haus huv hauv xov tooj cua hauv nruab nrab rau ntau xyoo. Nws luam tawm cov phau ntawv ntawm lwm cov tshuaj, uas tau nyeem los ntawm ib nrab ntawm Russia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ib tug zoo xws li cov kev pab cuam ntawm ib tug noj qab nyob zoo txoj kev ua neej yog coj los ntawm Yulia Belyanchikova, Honored Doctor ntawm lub RSFSR. Tus poj niam kawm tiav los ntawm IM Sechenov Medical Institute nrog kev kawm tiav hauv General Tshuaj thiab ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo hauv Central Institute of Blood Transfusion.
Nyiaj hli tas rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob
Cov kws kho mob hauv tebchaws Soviet tau txais cov nyiaj hli tas, tsis yog cov nyiaj hli uas nyob ntawm cov neeg mob tau txais. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tib zoo mloog rau txhua tus neeg uas tau thov, them nyiaj rau kev lom zem thiab kev soj ntsuam zoo, uas ua rau muaj kev kuaj pom tseeb dua thiab kho kom raug. Niaj hnub no (txawm tias muaj cov cuab yeej kuaj mob tshiab kawg), tus naj npawb ntawm kev kuaj mob tsis raug thiab kev kho mob tsis txaus tau loj hlob, thiab hauv cov chaw kho mob them nyiaj, cov neeg mob kuaj mob feem ntau tsis meej pem.
Kev tsom xam
Txhua txoj kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv USSR tau tsom mus rau kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob hnyav, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshem tawm cov hauv paus kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tau muab rau menyuam yaus thiab niam txiv. Kev tiv thaiv kev taw qhia ntawm Soviet tshuaj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau ntau yam kab mob txaus ntshai thiabCov theem pib txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathologies. Lub network ntawm cov tsev kho mob suav nrog tsis yog polyclinics nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov chaw kho mob, nrog rau ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb.
Cov kws kho mob tau mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm, mus xyuas cov tsev kawm qib kindergartens thiab tsev kawm ntawv txhawm rau kuaj kev tiv thaiv thiab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau them rau txhua tus yam tsis muaj kev zam. Thaum ua ntawv thov ua haujlwm, hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kindergarten, tsev kawm qib siab lossis tsev kawm qib siab, thaum mus ntsib polyclinic ntawm cov teeb meem uas tsis ncaj qha ntsig txog kev txhaj tshuaj, lawv xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj tsim nyog. Tam sim no, leej twg tuaj yeem tsis kam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov niam hluas, ntshai tsam kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus menyuam noj qab haus huv.
Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv Russia
Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no, tseem tau them nyiaj rau kev tiv thaiv: kev kuaj mob dav dav, niaj hnub thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv raws caij nyoog, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab tau tshwm sim. Qhov tseeb npaum li cas kom tau txais kev teem sijhawm nrog cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev kuaj mob no yog lwm lo lus nug. Kuj tseem muaj cov kab mob uas tsis muaj nyob ua ntej: AIDS, swine flu thiab noog, Ebola thiab lwm yam. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas vam meej tshaj plaws tau hais tias cov kab mob no tau tsim los tsim, thiab AIDS tsis muaj nyob txhua qhov, tab sis qhov no tsis ua kom yooj yim rau txhua tus. Tib neeg pheej tuag los ntawm kev kuaj mob "artificial".
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Soviet tshuaj
Tshuaj nyob rau hauv USSR tsis tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj - nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem kho mob tsim los ntawm Nikolai Semashko tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nws txaus siab rau kev ua tiav ntawm SovietTshuaj Henry Ernst Sigerist - historian, xib fwb ntawm cov tshuaj, uas tau mus xyuas lub USSR ob zaug. Lub kaw lus tau hais los ntawm Nikolai Semashko tau ua raws li ntau lub tswv yim:
- kev sib sau ntawm kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob;
- ua ntej rau niam thiab menyuam;
- sib npaug kev nkag mus rau tshuaj rau txhua tus pej xeem ntawm USSR;
- centralization ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum;
- tshem tawm cov hauv paus ntawm kab mob (ob leeg kho mob thiab kev sib raug zoo);
- kev koom tes rau pej xeem noj qab haus huv.
He alth system
Vim li ntawd, cov tsev kho mob tau tshwm sim uas ua kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv: lub chaw feldsher-obstetric chaw, lossis FAP - lub tsev kho mob hauv nroog - tsev kho mob hauv nroog - tsev kho mob hauv cheeb tsam - cov chaw tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. Cov tuam tsev tshwj xeeb tau khaws cia rau cov miners, cov neeg ua haujlwm tsheb ciav hlau, cov tub rog, thiab lwm yam. Cov pej xeem tau txuas nrog lub tsev kho mob polyclinic ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, tuaj yeem raug xa mus rau kev kho mob siab dua qib ntawm kev kho mob.
Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Niam thiab Me Nyuam
Cov me nyuam cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub USSR rov hais dua cov txheej txheem rau cov neeg laus. Rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm niam thiab menyuam yaus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov poj niam kev sib tham tau nce los ntawm 2.2 txhiab hauv 1928 txog 8.6 txhiab hauv xyoo 1940. Cov niam tshiab tau muab cov tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, thiab kev kho menyuam yaus thiab kws kho menyuam yaus tau suav hais tias yog ib qho chaw zoo tshaj plaws. Yog li, cov pejxeem rau thawj 20 xyooLub neej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas lub xeev tau nce los ntawm 137 lab hauv 1920 txog 195 lab hauv 1941.
Kev Tiv Thaiv raws li Nikolai Semashko
Nikolai Semashko tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshem tawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim (kev kho mob thiab kev sib raug zoo). Cov tuam txhab lag luam tau teeb tsa cov chaw kho mob uas tau koom nrog kev tiv thaiv thiab tshawb xyuas cov kab mob ua haujlwm. Cov kab mob xws li tuberculosis, kab mob venereal, thiab cawv tshwj xeeb tau saib xyuas. Ib qho kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb yog txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas ua rau muaj tus cwj pwm thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov tsev so, chaw so thiab sanatoriums tau ntxiv rau kev kho mob ntawm USSR, kev kho mob uas yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem kho mob dav dav. Cov neeg mob raug xa mus rau sanatorium-and-spa kev kho mob dawb, qee zaum nws yuav tsum tau them ib feem me me ntawm tus nqi ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj.
Major Achievements
Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Soviet tau ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tshuaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev hloov khoom nruab nrog cev yog tus txawj ntse ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Vladimir Demikhov, uas yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm xyoo 3 (1937), tsim thiab qhia lub siab dag rau tus dev. Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no paub txog Soviet ophthalmologist Svyatoslav Fedorov. Nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Valery Zakharov, nws tsim ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws dag lo ntsiab muag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, uas yog hu ua Fedorov-Zakharov lens. Svyatoslav Fedorov nyob rau hauv 1973 thawj zaug tau ua ib qho kev kho mob glaucoma nyob rau hauv thawj theem.
Kev ua tiav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev yog tsim cov tshuaj chaw. Thawj txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no tau ua nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Vladimir Streltsov. Los ntawm nws txoj kev siv zog, nws tau tswj hwm los tsim kom muaj kev txhawb nqa lub neej rau cov neeg caij nkoj. Thaum pib ntawm tus tsim qauv Sergei Korolev thiab Minister of Defense ntawm USSR Alexander Vasilevsky, lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm Aviation tshuaj tau tshwm sim. Boris Yegorov tau los ua tus thawj kws kho mob-cosmonaut hauv ntiaj teb, uas tau ya saum lub dav hlau Voskhod-1 xyoo 1964.
Zaj dab neeg ntawm lub neej ntawm Nikolai Amosov, kws kho plawv, tau paub tom qab nws ua nws thawj zaug kev phais plawv. Kaum tawm txhiab tus pej xeem Soviet tau nyeem phau ntawv hais txog kev noj qab haus huv txoj kev ua neej uas sau los ntawm tus neeg zoo tshaj no. Thaum tsov rog, nws tau tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev kho qhov txhab, sau yim kab lus ntawm kev phais tub rog, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev phais mob ntsws. Txij li thaum xyoo 1955, Nikolai Amosov pib pab cov menyuam yaus uas muaj mob plawv mob hnyav, thiab xyoo 1960 nws tau ua tiav thawj zaug uas siv lub tshuab plawv-lub ntsws.
Cov Tshuaj Zoo Tshaj Plaws hauv Ntiaj Teb: Rebuttal
Puas yog qib tshuaj hauv USSR qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb? Muaj ntau qhov kev lees paub ntawm qhov no, tab sis kuj muaj cov lus tsis lees paub. Nws yog kev cai qhuas cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub USSR, tab sis kuj muaj flaws. Cov kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej piav qhia meej txog lub xeev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv tsev ua ntej kev tawg ntawm Soviet Union. Nws tsis yooj yim kom nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv kho mob, vam khom tsuas yog kev paub, thiab kev ua haujlwm kho mob feem ntaumuab kev sib txuas. Cov kws kho mob feem ntau tsis paub txog txoj kev kho mob niaj hnub no.
Txog thaum lub yim caum, cov koob txhaj tshuaj iav thiab cov koob rov siv tau siv tau hauv tsev kho mob. Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau yuav txawv teb chaws, txij li kev lag luam kws tshuaj hauv tsev tau tsim tsis zoo. Ntau tus kws kho mob Soviet tsis tau mus rau qhov zoo, thiab tsev kho mob (raws li lawv tam sim no) tau muaj neeg coob coob. Daim ntawv tuaj yeem ntev, tab sis nws puas tsim nyog?
