Kev cog lus ntawm Sevres lossis Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Sevres yog ib qho kev cog lus ntawm Versailles-Washington system. Nws tsim tau cim qhov kawg ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Xav txog luv luv Treaty of Sèvres.
Cov tswv cuab
Sevres kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe nrog Turkey los ntawm Entente lub teb chaws thiab cov xeev uas koom nrog lawv. Ntawm cov tom kawg yog, tshwj xeeb, Nyiv, Romania, Portugal, Armenia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Greece, Belgium, Kingdom of Croats, Serbs thiab Slovenes, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kos npe ntawm Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Sevres tau tshwm sim xyoo 1920, thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, hauv nroog Sevres, hauv Fabkis. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw Turkish tau nyob los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Entente lub teb chaws.
Kev cog lus ntawm Sevres ntawm 1920 yog nyob rau hauv pawg kev pom zoo uas tau xaus Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib thiab tsim Versailles system. Nrog nws cov kev pab, kev faib ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tau formalized, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb imperialist lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Entente xeev.
Kev npaj
Cov lus nug ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tau rov hais dua nyob rau hauv Paris Peace Conference. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem ntawm kev them nyiaj thiab thaj chaw hauv Western Europe. TshoojQaib ntxhw tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv ntau yam ua ke; cov Entente lub teb chaws sim ua kom txaus siab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv cov kev txaus siab thiab ntev heev tsis pom muaj kev cuam tshuam.
Daim qauv ntawm Sevres kev sib haum xeeb tau tsim tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm 1920 ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm ambassadors los ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov phoojywg. Nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, Fabkis thiab Askiv tau txais kev pom zoo ntawm kev faib cov Asian thaj chaw ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Thaum pib lub Tsib Hlis 1920, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Sultan tau ceeb toom txog qhov project thiab luam tawm hauv xov xwm.
Turkish resistance
Lub Plaub Hlis 1920, Grand National Assembly tau tsim nyob rau hauv Ankara, uas tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej nkaus xwb lub hwj chim raug cai.
Lub Plaub Hlis 26, Lub Rooj Sib Tham tau tig mus rau USSR nrog kev thov kev pab hauv kev tawm tsam cov imperialist occupiers. Tom qab tshaj tawm tsab ntawv cog lus hauv tebchaws Turkey, lawv tau hais tias lawv yuav tsis lees paub nws.
Nyob rau teb rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov teb chaws cov phoojywg, lawv tau txiav txim siab siv cov tub rog los kho lub Sultan lub hwj chim thoob plaws hauv lub xeev. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub rog Entente tau nyob tsis tau tsuas yog Arab thaj av ntawm Ottoman Empire, tab sis kuj muaj ntau thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv nws tus kheej, suav nrog Constantinople, Strait cheeb tsam, thiab Izmir..
Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Pawg Sib Koom Tes, tau txais kev pom zoo hauv Boulogne, cov tub rog Greek, uas tau txais riam phom Askiv, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov tub rog Askiv, tau pib tawm tsam tawm tsam lub teb chaws liberation rog ntawm Turkey. hauv lub Rau Hli. Lub Sultan tsoom fwv ntawm qhov tseeb no tsis muaj hwj chim. Nws capitulatednyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov phooj ywg rog thiab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus.
Thaj chaw poob los ntawm Turkey
Raws li Treaty of Sevres, tsoomfwv Turkish tau poob lub zog rau cov neeg Kurds, Arabs, Armenians thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov neeg raug tsim txom. Cov teb chaws Entente, nyob rau hauv lem, nrhiav los tsim kom muaj lawv lub hwj chim tshaj cov teb chaws no.
Raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm Sevres, Ottoman Empire poob 3/4 ntawm thaj chaw. Sab hnub tuaj Thrace nrog Adrianople, tag nrho Gallipoli Peninsula, European ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dardanelles thiab Izmir tau pauv mus rau tim Nkij teb chaws. Qaib ntxhw poob tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm European ib feem ntawm nws thaj chaw, tshwj tsis yog ntawm ib tug nqaim sawb nyob ze Istanbul - officially, cheeb tsam no tseem nrog tsoom fwv Turkish. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Treaty of Sevres tau hais tias yog lub xeev tsis ua raws li kev pom zoo, cov koomhaum pabcuam muaj cai hloov cov xwm txheej.
Lub Strait Zone nominally tseem nrog Qaib Cov Txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj tub rog thiab muab kev nkag mus rau thaj chaw no rau qhov tshwj xeeb "Commission of the Straits". Nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev ua raws li Sevres kev sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam no. Lub commission suav nrog delegates los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Daim ntawv cog lus tau teev cov cai ntawm cov neeg sawv cev. Yog li, Asmeskas cov neeg sawv cev tuaj yeem koom nrog Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas txij thaum lawv txiav txim siab tsim nyog. Hais txog Russia, Qaib Cov Txwv nws tus kheej thiab Bulgaria, qhov kev pom zoo muaj ib nqe lus hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov teb chaws no tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov neeg sawv cev txij thaum lub teb chaws koom nrog Pab Koomtes.haiv neeg.
Lub Commission tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub zog dav thiab tuaj yeem siv lawv ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nroog. Cov qauv no muaj cai los tsim ib lub koom haum tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tub ceev xwm txawv teb chaws, siv cov tub rog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog cov phooj ywg powers. Lub Commission tuaj yeem muaj nws cov peev nyiaj thiab tus chij.
Cov kab lus ntawm Sevres Peace Treaty, uas txiav txim siab txoj hmoo ntawm cov straits, muaj cov ntsiab lus tawm tsam Soviet. Cov teb chaws uas cuam tshuam tawm tsam Soviet tsoom fwv tam sim no tuaj yeem tso lawv cov nkoj nyob hauv cov chaw nres nkoj ntawm thaj chaw strait.
Txoj kev ciam teb
Raws li Treaty of Sevres, tsoomfwv Turkish poob kev tswj hwm thaj chaw ntawm Syria, Lebanon, Mesopotamia, Palestine. Kev tswj hwm yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm lawv. Qaib ntxhw kuj tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob hauv Arabian Peninsula. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, tsoom fwv yuav tsum paub txog lub nceeg vaj ntawm Hejaz.
Cov ciam teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Armenia yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim siab txiav txim siab ntawm Asmeskas tus thawj tswj hwm. Wilson thiab nws cov kws pab tswv yim xav tias "Greater Armenia" yuav dhau los ua lub xeev uas yuav raug tswj hwm thiab nyob ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Amelikas xav siv lub tebchaws los ua lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav los tawm tsam Soviet Russia.
Raws li kev pom zoo, cais los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Kurdistan. Lub koom haum Anglo-Franco-Italian yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ciam teb ntawm cov tebchaws. Tom qab ntawd, cov lus nug ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Kurdistan tau raug xa mus rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees rau kev daws teeb meem. Yog nws lees paub cov pej xeem li "muaj peev xwmkev ywj pheej", nws yuav tau txais kev ywj pheej.
Raws li kev pom zoo, Qaib Cov Txwv tau tso tseg nws txoj cai hauv tebchaws Iziv, lees paub txog kev tiv thaiv nws, tsim rov qab rau xyoo 1918. Nws poob nws txoj cai cuam tshuam nrog Sudan, lees paub kev nkag mus rau Cyprus rau Tebchaws Askiv, tshaj tawm rov qab xyoo 1914, thiab tseem Fabkis tiv thaiv tshaj Tunisia thiab Morocco. Cov cai uas Sultan muaj nyob rau hauv Libya raug muab tshem tawm. Qaib ntxhw txoj cai rau cov Islands tuaj hauv Hiav Txwv Aegean hla mus rau Ltalis.
Qhov tseeb, Sultan lub xeev tau poob kev tswj hwm. Raws li tsab cai tshwj xeeb, txoj cai tswjfwm tau rov qab los, uas kuj tau siv rau cov tebchaws sib koom ua ke uas tsis siv ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib.
kev tswj nyiaj txiag
Ib tug tshwj xeeb commission tau tsim los tswj cov nyiaj txiag ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, Ltalis, nrog rau tsoomfwv Turkish nws tus kheej nrog kev tawm suab tawm tswv yim.
Lub Commission tau txais tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm lub tebchaws, tshwj tsis yog cov nyiaj tau los muab lossis muab tso ua kev lav nyiaj rau cov nuj nqis Ottoman. Cov qauv no tau pub dawb los ua txhua yam kev ntsuas uas nws pom tau tias tsim nyog tshaj plaws los khaws thiab nce Turkey cov peev txheej nyiaj txiag. Lub commission tau txais kev tswj xyuas tag nrho ntawm kev lag luam ntawm lub xeev. Yog tias tsis muaj nws qhov kev pom zoo, tsoomfwv Turkish tsis tuaj yeem tham txog cov peev nyiaj. Kev hloov pauv hauv txoj kev npaj nyiaj txiag tsuas yog ua tau nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas.
Nqe lus cog tseg hais txog kev lag luam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv suav nrog cov khoom raws li lub teb chaws lees paubtshem tawm cov ntawv cog lus, cov rooj sib tham, cov lus cog tseg uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv kev siv ntawm Treaty of Sèvres nrog Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary los yog lub teb chaws Yelemees, nrog rau Russia los yog "txhua lub tseem fwv lossis lub xeev uas nws thaj chaw yav dhau los yog ib feem ntawm Russia".
Kev tiv thaiv haiv neeg tsawg
Nws tau hais hauv ntu 6 ntawm daim ntawv cog lus. Nws cov kev cai tau muab hais tias lub teb chaws cov koom haum tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog Council of the League, yuav txiav txim siab cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej cov guarantees ntawm kev ua raws li cov decrees. Qaib ntxhw, nyob rau hauv lem, raws li kev pom zoo, tau pom zoo ua ntej rau tag nrho cov kev txiav txim siab uas yuav ua rau qhov teeb meem no.
tub rog system
Nws tau hais hauv ntu 5 ntawm Sevres daim ntawv cog lus. Cov ntawv sau tseg tag nrho demobilization ntawm cov tub rog Turkish. Qhov loj ntawm cov tub rog tsis tuaj yeem tshaj 50,000 tus tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog, suav nrog 35,000 tub rog.
Turkish warships tau pauv mus rau cov koom haum tseem ceeb, tshwj tsis yog xya lub nkoj soj ntsuam thiab tsib lub nkoj tua pov tseg, uas tuaj yeem siv los ntawm tsoomfwv Turkish rau kev tswj hwm.
Txoj kev xav ntawm cov pejxeem
Daim Ntawv Cog Lus ntawm Sevres yog suav tias yog kev ua phem tshaj plaws thiab ua qhev ntawm txhua qhov kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Versailles-Washington system. Nws kos npe ua rau muaj kev npau taws dav dav ntawm cov pej xeem Turkish. Tsoomfwv Ankara tau tsis lees paub cov cai ntawm kev cog lus, tab sis Sultan tseem tsis tau twv kom pom zoo nws.
Nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam kom thim qhov kev pom zoo, tsoomfwv tso siab rauCov kev xav tawm tsam imperialist thiab kev tawm tsam loj hauv lub tebchaws, kev txhawb nqa rau kev tswj hwm thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub xeev los ntawm Soviet Russia, rau kev khuv leej ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom sab hnub tuaj.
Tsoomfwv Turkey tau tswj hwm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Askiv thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib cais uas tau pib tam sim tom qab kos npe ntawm kev cog lus ntawm cov koom haum lub xeev uas yog ib feem ntawm Entente. Thaum kawg, Treaty of Sevres raug tso tseg ntawm Lausanne Conference.
Zoo kawg
Lub hom phiaj ntawm imperialist ntawm cov teb chaws koom tsis tau ua tiav. Tsoom fwv Turkish thiab tag nrho cov pej xeem sawv daws tau tawm tsam kev faib thaj chaw. Tau kawg, tsis muaj lub teb chaws xav poob nws txoj kev tswj hwm.
Qhov kev cog lus, qhov tseeb, rhuav tshem Turkey ua ib lub xeev ywj pheej, uas tsis tuaj yeem lees txais rau lub tebchaws uas muaj keeb kwm ntev.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Russia txoj kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem tau khaws cia kom tsawg. Rau qhov ntau dua, qhov no yog vim qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm Entente los koom tes nrog tsoomfwv Soviet, lub siab xav kom nkag mus rau lub tebchaws ciam teb. Cov tebchaws sib koom tsis pom Soviet Russia ua tus khub, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv suav tias yog tus neeg sib tw uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.
