Kev sau ntawv Sumerian cuneiform yog ib feem ntawm ob peb cov cuab yeej cuab tam sab laug tom qab kev vam meej thaum ub. Hmoov tsis zoo, feem ntau ntawm cov architectural monuments tau ploj lawm. Tsuas yog cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum tseem nrog cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb uas cov Sumerians tau sau - cuneiform. Tau ntev nws tseem yog qhov tsis paub daws teeb meem, tab sis ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tib neeg tam sim no muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev vam meej ntawm Mesopotamia zoo li cas.
Cov neeg siv khoom: lawv yog leej twg
Lub Sumerian kev vam meej (lus txhais ua "dub-headed") yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug uas tshwm sim hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov neeg hauv keeb kwm yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua. Qhov no tshwm sim txawm muab lub npe "Sumerian lo lus nug". Kev tshawb nrhiav archaeological cov ntaub ntawv coj mus rau me ntsis, yog li lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm yog kev kawm lus. Cov Sumerians, uas nws cov ntawv cuneiform yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia, pib kawm txog kev paub lus zoo.
Kwv yees li 5 txhiab xyoo BC nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm Tigris thiab Euphrates tus dej nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Mesopotamia, kev sib haum xeeb tshwm sim, uas tom qab ntawd loj hlob mus rau hauv kev vam meej muaj zog. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm archaeologists qhia tias kev lag luam tsim cov Sumerians li cas. Cuneiform sau rau ntawm ntau cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum hais txog qhov no.
Kev khawb hauv lub nroog Sumerian thaum ub ntawm Uruk tso cai rau peb ua qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis meej uas cov nroog Sumerian tau nyob hauv nroog: muaj cov kws txawj ua txuj ci, tub lag luam, cov thawj coj. Cov neeg yug yaj thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob sab nraum lub nroog.
lus Sumerian
Cov lus Sumerian yog ib qho kev nthuav lus zoo heev. Feem ntau, nws tuaj rau yav qab teb Mesopotamia los ntawm Is Nrias teb. Tau 1-2 txhiab xyoo, cov pejxeem tau hais, tab sis Akkadian sai sai hloov nws.
Cov Sumerians tseem tseem siv lawv cov lus qub hauv kev ntseeg, kev tswj hwm tau ua tiav hauv nws, thiab lawv tau kawm hauv tsev kawm. Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Cov Sumerians sau lawv cov lus li cas? Cuneiform tau siv rau qhov ntawd.
Hmoov tsis zoo, lub suab lus ntawm cov lus Sumerian tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los, vim tias nws yog hom thaum lub ntsiab lus lexical thiab grammatical ntawm ib lo lus muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus uas koom nrog hauv paus.
Evolution of cuneiform
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cuneiform Sumerians coincides nrog pib ntawm kev lag luam. Nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub fact tias nws yog tsim nyog los kho lub ntsiab ntawm kev tswj kev ua ub no los yog kev lag luam. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Sumerian cuneiform yog suav tias yog thawj tsab ntawv tshwm sim, uas yog lub hauv paus rau lwm cov kev sau ntawv hauv Mesopotamia.
Thawj zaugcov txiaj ntsig digital tau sau tseg thaum lawv nyob deb ntawm kev sau ntawv. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tau qhia los ntawm cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb - tokens. Ib token - ib yam.
Nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev tu vaj tse, qhov no ua tsis yooj yim, yog li cov cim tshwj xeeb tau pib ua rau txhua daim duab. Token tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv tshwj xeeb, uas qhia txog tus tswv lub foob. Hmoov tsis zoo, txhawm rau suav cov npe, lub vault yuav tsum tau tawg thiab rov muab dua. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntsiab lus tau pib piav qhia ib sab ntawm lub foob, thiab tom qab ntawd cov duab ntawm lub cev ploj mus tag nrho - tsuas yog luam tawm xwb. Nov yog thawj cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum tau tshwm sim. Dab tsi tau piav qhia ntawm lawv tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov duab kos: cov npe tshwj xeeb rau cov lej tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom.
Tom qab ntawd, cov duab pib qhia txog cov cim paub daws teeb thiab. Piv txwv li, ib tug noog thiab ib lub qe ntawm ib sab ntawm nws twb qhia fertility. Tsab ntawv no twb yog ideographic (cim-symbols).
theem tom ntej yog lub suab tsim ntawm cov duab thiab cov duab. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txhua qhov kos npe pib sib haum rau qee lub suab tsim, uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom piav qhia. Cov style kuj hloov, nws yog yooj yim (yuav ua li cas - peb yuav qhia ntxiv). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim tau tig kom yooj yim, ua kab rov tav taw qhia.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cuneiform muab lub zog rau kev rov ua dua ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov qauv, uas yog nquag heev.
Cuneiform: cov hauv paus ntsiab lus
nws txhais li casyog cuneiform sau? Paradoxically, cov Sumerians nyeem tsis tau: lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis zoo ib yam. Lawv pom cov ntawv sau, vim lub hauv paus yog kev sau ntawv.
Cov ntawv sau tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom uas lawv tau sau - av nplaum. Vim li cas nws? Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias Mesopotamia, thaj av uas muaj cov ntoo tsis tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm (nco ntsoov Slavic birch bark ntawv lossis Egyptian papyrus ua los ntawm xyoob qia), tsis muaj pob zeb nyob ntawd. Tab sis muaj av nplaum ntau nyob rau hauv dej nyab ntawm tus dej, yog li nws tau dav siv los ntawm Sumerians.
Qhov khoob rau kev sau ntawv yog ib lub ncuav mog qab zib, nws muaj lub voj voog lossis lub duab plaub. Cov paib tau thov nrog ib tus pas tshwj xeeb hu ua kapama. Nws tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tawv, xws li pob txha. Lub taub ntawm capama yog daim duab peb sab. Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv muaj dipping ib tug pas rau hauv cov av nplaum mos thiab tawm hauv ib qho qauv. Thaum lub kapama raug rub tawm ntawm cov av nplaum, qhov elongated ib feem ntawm daim duab peb sab tshuav ib tug wedge-zoo li lub cim, li no lub npe "cuneiform". Txhawm rau khaws qhov tau sau tseg, lub ntsiav tshuaj tau muab hlawv rau hauv lub qhov cub.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus piav qhia
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, ua ntej cuneiform tshwm sim, cov Sumerians muaj lwm hom ntawv sau - duab kos duab, tom qab ntawd ideography. Tom qab ntawd, cov cim qhia tau yooj yim, piv txwv li, tsis yog tag nrho cov noog, tsuas yog tus paw tau piav qhia. Yog, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim siv tau maj mam txo qis - lawv dhau los ua neeg thoob ntiaj teb, lawv pib txhais tsis tau tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha, tab sis kuj yog cov paub daws teeb meem - rauNws yog txaus los piav qhia lwm tus ideogram ib sab ntawm nws. Yog li, sawv ntawm "lwm lub teb chaws" thiab "poj niam" qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm " qhev". Yog li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim tshwj xeeb tau pom meej los ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav. Txoj kev qhia no yog hu ua logography.
Tseem, nws nyuaj rau kev piav qhia cov duab ntawm cov av nplaum, yog li lub sijhawm dhau los, lawv txhua tus tau hloov los ntawm qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm dashes-wedges. Qhov no tau thawb cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv ntxiv, tso cai rau kev siv cov ntawv sau cov lus rau qee lub suab. Yog li, cov lus pib tsim, uas kav ntev.
Kev txiav txim siab thiab lub ntsiab lus rau lwm yam lus
Nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau cim los ntawm kev sim nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm Sumerian cuneiform sau. Grotefend tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov pom Behistun inscription ua rau nws muaj peev xwm thaum kawg decipher ntau cov ntawv. Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm pob zeb muaj cov piv txwv ntawm ancient Persian, Elamite thiab Akkadian tsab ntawv. Rawlins muaj peev xwm deciphe cov ntawv.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cuneiform Sumerians cuam tshuam rau kev sau ntawv ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Mesopotamia. Kev nthuav dav, kev vam meej nqa nrog nws cov lus-syllabic hom kev sau ntawv, uas tau txais los ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Kev nkag ntawm Sumerian cuneiform rau hauv Elamite, Hurrian, Hittite thiab Urartian kev sau ntawv tshwj xeeb yog pom meej.
