Nyob rau hauv kab lus no peb yuav xav txog cov khoom ntawm cov ntshav plasma. Ntshav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws suav nrog cov ntshav plasma thiab cov khoom zoo li raug tshem tawm hauv nws: erythrocytes, platelets thiab leukocytes, uas nyob li ntawm 40-45%, cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov ntshav plasma rau 55-60%.
plasma yog dab tsi?
ntshav ntshav yog cov kua uas muaj tib lub viscous qauv ntawm lub teeb daj xim. Yog tias koj xav tias nws yog kev ncua, koj tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas cov qe ntshav. Plasma feem ntau pom tseeb, tab sis noj cov zaub mov muaj roj tuaj yeem ua rau huab cua.
Dab tsi yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm plasma? Xav paub ntau ntxiv tom qab.
Plasma muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov chaw
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntshav plasma (92%) yog nyob hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov khoom xws li amino acids, qabzib, proteins, enzymes, minerals, hormones, rog, thiab rog zoo li cov khoom. Cov protein tseem ceeb yog albumin. Nws muaj qhov hnyav molecular thiab nyob ntau dua 50% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov protein.
Cov khoom xyaw thiab cov khoom ntawm plasma yog qhov txaus siab rau ntau tus menyuam kawm ntawv kho mob, thiabCov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no yuav pab tau rau lawv.
Proteins koom nrog hauv metabolism thiab synthesis, tswj oncotic siab, muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov amino acids, nqa ntau yam tshuaj.
Tsis tas li, cov globulins loj-molecular, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub siab thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, yog zais hauv cov ntshav. Muaj alpha, beta thiab gamma globulins.
Fibrinogen - cov protein uas tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab, muaj cov khoom ntawm solubility. Vim yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm thrombin, nws tuaj yeem plam qhov cim no thiab ua tsis tiav, vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntshav txhaws tshwm nyob qhov twg lub nkoj puas lawm.
ntshav ntshav, ntxiv rau cov saum toj no, muaj cov proteins: prothrombin, transferrin, haptoglobin, ntxiv, thyroxin-binding globulin thiab C-reactive protein.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntshav plasma
Nws ua haujlwm ntau, ntawm cov uas sawv tawm:
- thauj - hloov pauv cov khoom lag luam metabolic thiab cov qe ntshav;
- khi ntawm cov kua tawm tawm sab nraud ntawm lub cev;
- kev sib cuag - muab kev sib txuas lus nrog cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev siv cov kua dej ntau ntxiv, uas tso cai rau cov ntshav plasma tswj tus kheej.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm plasma
ntshav ntshav muaj ntau hauv platelets. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug stimulator ntawm regeneration thiab kho ntawm lub cev cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov proteins uas tsim cov plasma ua kom cov ntshav txhaws, thauj cov as-ham.
Tseem ua tsaug rau lawvKev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua qaub-puag hemostasis tshwm sim, lub xeev tag nrho ntawm cov ntshav yog khaws cia. Albumin yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub siab. Cells thiab cov ntaub so ntswg yog nourished, bile tshuaj yog thauj, nrog rau ib tug cia ntawm amino acids. Cia peb tso tawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm plasma:
- Tshuaj tivthaiv yog xa nrog albumins.
- α-globulins qhib kev tsim cov proteins, thauj cov tshuaj hormones, kab kawm, lipids.
- β-globulins thauj cations ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li hlau, zinc, phospholipids, steroid hormones thiab bile sterols.
- G-globulins muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Fibrinogen cuam tshuam cov ntshav txhaws.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntshav, nrog rau nws cov khoom (nrog rau cov khoom siv plasma) yog raws li hauv qab no:
- osmotic thiab oncotic siab;
- ncua kev ruaj ntseg;
- colloidal stability;
- viscosity thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
Osmotic siab
Osmotic siab yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov concentration ntawm molecules ntawm yaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub plasma, cov sum ntawm osmotic siab ntawm cov khoom xyaw sib txawv nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov siab no yog ib qho nyuaj homeostatic tas li, uas nyob rau hauv tus neeg noj qab haus huv yog kwv yees li 7.6 atm. Nws nqa tawm qhov kev hloov ntawm cov kuab tshuaj los ntawm tsawg concentrated mus rau ntau saturated los ntawm ib tug semi-permeable membrane. Nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev xa dej ntawm cov hlwb thiab ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm lub cev. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm plasma yuav tau tham hauv qab no.
Oncotic siab
Oncotic siab yog hom osmotic siab tsim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj colloidal los ntawm cov proteins (lwm lub npe yog colloidal osmotic siab). Txij li thaum plasma proteins tsis zoo permeability rau cov ntaub so ntswg ib puag ncig los ntawm cov phab ntsa capillary, oncotic siab uas lawv tsim khaws cov dej hauv cov ntshav. Hauv qhov no, lub siab osmotic yog tib yam hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov ntshav plasma, thiab lub siab oncotic yog ntau dua hauv cov ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov txo qis ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau ntxuav tawm los ntawm cov qog ntshav los ntawm ib puag ncig extracellular; nruab nrab ntawm cov kua dej thiab cov ntshav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov protein saturation thiab oncotic siab. Txij li thaum plasma muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm albumin, oncotic siab hauv nws yog tsim los ntawm hom protein no. Lawv qhov txo qis hauv cov ntshav ua rau poob dej, cov ntaub so ntswg edema, thiab lawv qhov nce ua rau cov dej tuav hauv cov ntshav.
Txoj Kev Ncua Sijhawm
Cov khoom raug tshem tawm ntawm plasma cuam tshuam nrog colloidal stability ntawm cov proteins nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog, nrog rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov cellular ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev ncua. Qhov taw qhia ntawm cov ntshav no yog kwv yees los ntawm erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) hauv cov ntshav ntim tsis tau. Cov kev sib raug zoo hauv qab no tau pom: ntau albumins muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov tsis ruaj khov colloidal hais, siab dua cov khoom raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntshav. Yogqib ntawm fibrinogen, globulins thiab lwm cov proteins tsis ruaj khov nce, ESR nce thiab muaj peev xwm raug ncua.
Colloid stability
Lub colloidal stability ntawm plasma yog txiav txim los ntawm cov khoom ntawm hydration ntawm protein molecules thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv nto ntawm ob txheej ntawm ions uas tsim ib tug phi-muaj peev xwm (sov), uas muaj xws li ib tug zeta muaj peev xwm (electrokinetic), nyob rau ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm colloidal particle thiab cov kua ib puag ncig nws. Nws txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm zawv zawg hais hauv cov tshuaj colloidal. Qhov siab dua qhov zeta muaj peev xwm, qhov muaj zog ntawm cov protein ntau dua ib leeg, thiab ntawm lub hauv paus no kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tshuaj colloidal yog txiav txim siab. Nws tus nqi ntau dua rau albumin hauv plasma, thiab nws qhov ruaj khov feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov proteins no.
Viscosity
Viscosity ntawm cov ntshav - nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov kua dej thaum lub sij hawm txav ntawm cov khoom nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib txhuam sab hauv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov no yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm macromolecules ntawm colloids thiab dej, ntawm qhov tod tes, ntawm cov khoom tsim thiab cov ntshav. Lub viscosity ntawm plasma yog siab dua li cov dej. Qhov ntau nws muaj cov protein ntau molecular (lipoproteins, fibrinogen), lub zog plasma viscosity. Feem ntau, cov cuab yeej ntawm cov ntshav no yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov peripheral vascular tsis kam rau cov ntshav khiav, uas yog, nws txiav txim siab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha.
Txoj kev sib nqus
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntshav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov qe ntshav liab thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm hemoglobin, cov qauv ntawm cov ntshav plasma. Nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lausntawm ib tug neeg laus nruab nrab muaj hnub nyoog li ntawm 1,052 txog 1,064. Vim muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov qe ntshav liab hauv cov txiv neej, daim duab no siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus nce vim tsis muaj dej, tawm hws ntau thaum lub cev ua haujlwm thiab huab cua kub.
Peb saib cov khoom ntawm cov ntshav thiab ntshav.
