Qhov teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg, lawv keeb kwm muaj cov neeg nyiam ntev. Cov neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig xav paub seb ib tus tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov txawv li cas ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kws tshawb fawb, tau kawg, sim nrhiav kev piav qhia txog qhov tseeb no. Cov lus pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg yuav raug tham hauv kab lus no.
Dab tsi yog haiv neeg
Ua ntej, cia peb txhais cov chav no. Nyob rau hauv kev sib tw ntawm homo Sapiens, nws yog ib txwm ua kom nkag siab txog cov pab pawg sib cais - nws txoj kev faib tawm. Lawv cov neeg sawv cev sib txawv nyob rau hauv ib co txheej txheem sab nraud, nrog rau hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob. Cov haiv neeg muaj kev ruaj khov nyob rau lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm globalization thiab nrog kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov pejxeem, lawv cov yam ntxwv yuav raug hloov pauv. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab biology ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg yog xws li genetic txhua yam ntawm lawvmuaj qee yam autosomal Cheebtsam. Qhov no yog scientifically proven.
Tib neeg haiv neeg: lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo thiab keeb kwm. Cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb
Lawv paub zoo rau txhua tus: lawv yog Caucasoid, Negroid (Negro-Australoid, Equatorial) thiab Mongoloid. Cov no yog cov kev sib tw loj, lossis cov haiv neeg yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv teev npe tsis yog tag nrho ntawm lawv. Ntxiv rau lawv, kuj tseem muaj cov kev sib xyaw ua ke, uas muaj cov cim qhia ntawm ntau lub ntsiab. Lawv feem ntau muaj ob peb yam autosomal yam ntxwv ntawm cov haiv neeg loj.
Cov haiv neeg Caucasian yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tawv nqaij ncaj ncees piv rau lwm tus. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov neeg nyob hauv Middle East thiab Southern Europe, nws yog qhov tsaus ntuj heev. Nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj cov plaub hau ncaj lossis wavy, lub teeb lossis qhov muag tsaus. Qhov kev txiav ntawm lub qhov muag yog kab rov tav, cov plaub hau feem ntau yog nruab nrab. Lub qhov ntswg protrudes noticeably, lub hauv pliaj yog ncaj los yog me ntsis sloping.
Mongoloids muaj oblique seem ntawm oblique ntawm lub qhov muag, daim tawv muag sab sauv yog pom tau tias tsim. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub qhov muag yog them nrog ib tug yam ntxwv quav - lub epicanthus. Piv txwv li, nws pab tiv thaiv lub qhov muag ntawm steppes los ntawm hmoov av. Cov tawv nqaij xim - los ntawm tsaus mus rau lub teeb. Cov plaub hau dub, ntxhib, ncaj. Lub qhov ntswg protrudes me ntsis, thiab lub ntsej muag zoo li flatter dua li ntawm Caucasians. Cov plaub hau ntawm Mongoloids yog tsim tsis zoo.
Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm haiv neeg Negroid muaj cov plaub hau curly lush, cov xim tawv nqaij tsaus tshaj plaws ntawm txhua haiv neeg loj, muaj ntau cov xim eumelanin. Nws yog assumed tias cov ntatsim los tiv thaiv los ntawm scorching hnub ntawm cheeb tsam equatorial. Lub qhov ntswg ntawm Negroids feem ntau dav thiab me ntsis flattened. Lub ntsej muag qis yog protruding.
Txhua haiv neeg, zoo li tib neeg, raws li kev tshawb fawb, pib los ntawm thawj tus txiv neej - Adas, uas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm African continent 180-200 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg yog li pom tseeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
Kev sib tw nruab nrab
Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov tseem ceeb, cov thiaj li hu ua me haiv neeg txawv. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Cov haiv neeg me (lawv kuj yog nruab nrab), lossis, raws li lawv kuj hu ua, hom anthropological, muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws. Ntawm daim duab koj tuaj yeem pom cov haiv neeg nruab nrab uas sib txuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau lub ntsiab: Ural, South Siberian, Ethiopian, South Indian, Polynesian thiab Ainu.
Lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm haiv neeg
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov haiv neeg tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Raws li ib txoj kev xav, thaum xub thawj, txog 80 txhiab xyoo dhau los, cov ceg ntoo ntawm Negroid thiab Caucasoid-Mongoloid tau sib cais. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kwv yees li 40 txhiab xyoo, qhov kawg tau tawg mus rau Caucasoid thiab Mongoloid. Lawv qhov kev sib txawv zaum kawg rau hauv hom anthropological (haiv neeg me) thiab kev faib tawm ntawm qhov kawg tshwm sim tom qab, twb nyob rau hauv Neolithic era. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg lub sijhawm sib txawv ntseeg tias lawv cov kev tsim txuas ntxiv tom qab kev sib haum xeeb. Yog, tus qauvCov cim qhia ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Australian loj, koom nrog cov haiv neeg loj equatorial, tsim ntau tom qab. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias thaum lub sijhawm sib hais, lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg nruab nrab.
Tsis muaj kev xav txog keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg haiv neeg, lawv txoj kev hloov pauv tau li cas. Yog li ntawd, hauv qab no peb yuav xav txog ob txoj kev xav txog qhov teeb meem no: monocentric thiab polycentric.
Monocentric theory
Raws li nws, haiv neeg tau tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov chaw ntawm cov neeg los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, neoanthropes zoo li cuam tshuam nrog paleanthropes (Neanderthals) nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov neeg coob coob tawm tom kawg. Cov txheej txheem no lig dhau lawm, nws tshwm sim li 35-30 txhiab xyoo dhau los.
YPolycentric theory
Raws li qhov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg, tib neeg evolution tshwm sim nyob rau hauv parallel, nyob rau hauv ob peb li-hu ua phyletic kab. Lawv, raws li lub ntsiab txhais, sawv cev ib tug tas mus li kev vam meej ntawm pej xeem (hom) hloov ib leeg, txhua tus yog ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm yav dhau los ib tug thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug yawm txiv ntawm lub tom ntej no unit. Txoj kev tshawb xav polycentric hais tias cov haiv neeg nruab nrab muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Cov pab pawg no tau tsim nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tseem ceeb thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov sib npaug rau lawv.
Intermediate theories
Lawv lees paub qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg phyletic ntawm ntau theem ntawm tib neeg evolution - paleoanthropes, neoanthropes. Ib qho ntawm cov kev xav no, raws li txoj kab nruab nrab thiab Mongoloid-Caucasoidceg, tau piav luv luv saum toj no.
Kev sib haum xeeb niaj hnub
Raws li kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg loj thiab me, nws hloov pauv ntau lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, cov Khab Khab - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Asmeskas ceg ntawm haiv neeg Mongoloid, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb txawm hu ua ib qho cais, plaub ("liab"), tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg tsawg hauv lawv thaj chaw qub. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog cov haiv neeg Australian me. Nws cov neeg sawv cev hauv tebchaws Australia muaj qhov qis qis tsis yog rau cov neeg Caucasians nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau ntau tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov haiv neeg Mongoloid (feem ntau yog Far East).
Caucasoids, nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Kev Tshawb Fawb (nruab nrab-15th caug xyoo), tau pib tshawb nrhiav thiab nthuav tawm thaj chaw tshiab, thiab tam sim no pom nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ntawm txhua lub tebchaws. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe niaj hnub no, muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg anthropological ntawm Caucasoid haiv neeg, tab sis Central European hom tseem nyob rau hauv thawj. Feem ntau, kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov teb chaws Europe niaj hnub no vim kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab kev sib yuav ntawm haiv neeg, nrog rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas, muaj yeeb yuj thiab ntau haiv neeg.
Mongoloids tseem yog tus thawj coj hauv Asia, haiv neeg equatorial - hauv Africa, New Guinea, Melanesia.
Kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib tw dhau sijhawm
Ib txwm, cov haiv neeg me tuaj yeem hloov pauv qee lub sijhawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus nug ntawm ntau npaum li cas lawv qhov kev ruaj ntseg tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib cais tseem qhib. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov tsos ntawm cov neeg Australians uas nyob sib nrug tau zoo li tsis hloov tau ntau xyoo.kaum millennia.
Tib lub sijhawm, qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg Ethiopian thiab Far Eastern. Tsawg kawg yog tsib txhiab xyoo, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv tau nyob tas li. Kev sib tham txog haiv neeg keeb kwm ntawm nws cov neeg nyob tau mus rau ntau xyoo. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "dub txoj kev xav" yog los ntawm kev kawm ntawm Egyptian mummies, nrog rau cov txuj ci tseem ceeb, uas qhia tau tias cov neeg nyob hauv Ancient Egypt tau tshaj tawm cov cim sab nraud ntawm haiv neeg equatorial.
Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "kev xav dawb" yog raws li cov neeg Iyiv niaj hnub pom thiab ntseeg tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm xya haiv neeg qub uas nyob hauv thaj chaw no ua ntej kev sib kis ntawm haiv neeg equatorial.
Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke tau tsim ntau tom qab. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov kawg tsim ntawm South Siberian haiv neeg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XVI centuries, txawm lub Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau thiab archaeologically paub tseeb nkag mus rau lub Mongoloids mus rau hauv lub inhabited los ntawm Caucasoids, thaum ntxov raws li lub VII-VI. ib puas xyoo. BC.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, ua tsaug rau kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw hnyav, muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, sib xyaw ob qho tib si hauv cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv Singapore tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib yuav niaj hnub no yog ntau dua 20%. Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke, tib neeg tau yug los nrog ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov cim, suav nrog cov uas yav tas los tsis tshua muaj neegtsis tshua muaj. Piv txwv li, kev sib xyaw ntawm lub teeb qhov muag xim thiab cov tawv nqaij tsaus yog tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv Cape Verde.
Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem no yog qhov zoo, vim tias dhau los ntawm nws ntau haiv neeg pawg tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb uas tsis yog yav dhau los tus yam ntxwv ntawm lawv, thiab zam kev sib sau ntawm cov neeg tsis zoo, uas muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab kab mob.
Siv qhov xaus
Zaj lus luv luv hais txog tib neeg haiv neeg, lawv keeb kwm. Kev sib koom siab thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Homo Sapiens tau lees paub los ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Pom tseeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qee pawg neeg yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm lawv lub neej. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev xav ntawm haiv neeg, yog li nrov nyob rau hauv yav dhau los nyob rau hauv Western lub teb chaws, yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Kev txawj ntse thiab lwm yam peev xwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm, tsos thiab xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Thiab ua tsaug rau globalization, thaum tib neeg ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv, qhov kev xav no tau lees paub.
