Ib ntu ntawm cov lus yog etymology, uas kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm ib lo lus tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho cov lus ntawm cov lus. Cov haiv neeg Lavxias thiab cov lus qiv yog suav tias tsuas yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm etymology. Cov no yog ob txheej rau hauv uas tag nrho cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yuav muab faib, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm keeb kwm. Nqe lus no muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug tias lo lus tuaj txog li cas, nws txhais li cas, qhov twg thiab thaum twg nws tau txais, thiab qhov hloov pauv nws tau ua tiav.
lus Lavxias
Txhua lo lus uas muaj nyob hauv ib hom lus yog hu ua lus. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, peb npe ntau yam khoom, tshwm sim, ua, kos npe, lej, thiab lwm yam.
Cov lus piav qhia los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov kab lus Slavic, uas ua rau muaj lawv cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob. Lavxias teb sab lus yog rooted nyob rau hauv yav dhau los ntawm cov Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab tau tsim nrog rau cov neeg nyob rau ntau pua xyoo. Qhov no yog lo lus primordial uas muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev.
Tseem muaj txheej thib ob hauv cov lus: cov no yog cov lus uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm lwm yam lus vim muaj keeb kwm tshwm simsib.
Yog li, yog tias peb xav txog cov lus los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus qub Lavxias thiab qiv. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus ntawm ob pawg tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus ntau.
Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Cov lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias muaj ntau dua 150,000 lo lus. Cia peb saib seb lo lus twg hu ua haiv neeg Lavxias.
Keeb kwm lus Lavxias muaj ob peb qib:
- Thawj, thawj zaug, suav nrog cov lus qhia txog cov ntsiab lus uas txhua yam lus muaj (txiv, niam, nqaij, hma, thiab lwm yam);
- Qib thib ob muaj cov lus Proto-Slavic uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm txhua pawg neeg Slavic (pine, nplej, tsev, nqaij qaib, kvass, cheese, thiab lwm yam);
- Thib peb yog tsim los ntawm cov lus uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev hais lus ntawm Eastern Slavs pib txij li 6th-7th centuries (tsaus, tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv, lub tsev teev ntuj, squirrel, niaj hnub no);
- Pab pawg plaub yog cov npe Lavxias uas tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm 16th-17th centuries (jam, cua daj cua dub, shrub, uproot, leisure, ib zaug, mason, pilot, deceit, neatness, thiab lwm yam).
txheej txheem qiv
Hauv peb cov lus, feem ntau yog Lavxias thiab cov lus qiv nyiaj sib koom ua ke. Qhov no yog vim keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws.
Raws li neeg, Russians tau nkag mus rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua, kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv, tub rog, kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub teb chaws thiab xeev. Qhov no ib txwm ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov lus ntawm cov neeg uas peb koom tes tau tshwm sim hauv peb hom lus. Txwv tsis pub nws tsis yooj yim to taubib leeg.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov lus qiv nyiaj no tau dhau los ua Russified, nkag mus rau pawg neeg siv cov lus, thiab peb tsis pom lawv li txawv teb chaws lawm. Txhua leej txhua tus paub cov lus xws li "qab zib", "banya", "activist", "artel", "school" thiab ntau lwm tus.
Nkauj Lavxias teb sab thiab qiv cov lus, piv txwv li tau hais los saum no, tau ntev thiab ruaj khov rau hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub thiab pab tsim peb cov lus.
Cov lus txawv teb chaws hauv Lavxias
Tau rau peb cov lus, cov lus txawv teb chaws raug yuam kom hloov. Qhov xwm ntawm lawv cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau ntau yam: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Kev qiv nyiaj yog ua raws li peb cov cai thiab cov cai. Cov lus zoo li no tau hloov pauv hauv qhov xaus, hauv cov lus tom qab, cov poj niam txiv neej hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, lo lus "parliament" yog txiv neej nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv German, qhov twg los, nws yog neuter.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus hloov tau. Yog li, lo lus "tus neeg pleev kob" hauv peb lub tebchaws txhais tau tias yog tus neeg ua haujlwm, thiab hauv German nws txhais tau tias "tus neeg pleev kob".
Lub semantics hloov. Piv txwv li, cov lus qiv "cov kaus poom", "conservative" thiab "conservatory" tuaj rau peb los ntawm ntau hom lus thiab tsis muaj dab tsi zoo sib xws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv hom lus, Fabkis, Latin thiab Italian, feem, lawv los ntawm Latin thiab muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm "preserve."
Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub los ntawm cov lus twg yog lo lus qiv. Qhov no yuav pab txiav txim kom raug lawv lub ntsiab lus lexical.
Ntxiv rau, qee zaum nws nyuaj rau paub txog haiv neeg Lavxias thiab qiv cov lus hauv pawg ntawdcov lus uas peb siv txhua hnub. Rau lub hom phiaj no, muaj cov phau ntawv txhais lus uas piav qhia lub ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm ntawm txhua lo lus.
Kev cais cov lus qiv
Ob pawg ntawm cov lus qiv tau txawv los ntawm qee yam:
- leej twg los ntawm lus Slavic;
- ua los ntawm cov lus tsis yog Slavic.
Nyob hauv thawj pab pawg, Cov Neeg Laus Slavonicism ua ib pawg loj - cov lus uas tau muaj nyob rau hauv pawg ntseeg phau ntawv txij li xyoo 9th. Thiab tam sim no cov lus xws li "hla", "ntiaj teb", "lub hwj chim", "virtue", thiab lwm yam yog dav dav. Muaj ntau cov laus Slavonicisms muaj Lavxias teb sab analogues ("lanites" - "cheeks", "lub qhov ncauj" - "duab", thiab lwm yam..) Phonetic ("gates" - "gates"), morphological ("grace", "benefactor"), semantic ("gold" - "gold") Old Church Slavonicisms are distinguished.
Pab pawg thib ob muaj qiv los ntawm lwm yam lus, suav nrog:
- Latin (nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev nom kev tswv ntawm pej xeem lub neej - "tsev kawm ntawv", " koom pheej", "corporation");
- Greek (tsev neeg - "txaj", " tais", cov ntsiab lus - "synonym", "vocabulary");
- Teb chaws Europe sab hnub poob (tub rog - "lub hauv paus", "junker", los ntawm kev kos duab - "easel", "landscape", cov ntsiab lus nautical - "nkoj", "shipyard" "schooner", suab paj nruag - " aria", "libretto");
- Turkic (hauv kab lis kev cai thiab kev lag luam "pearl", "caravan", "hron");
- Scandinavian (txhua hnub - "tawm tog", "nplua") lus.
phau ntawv txhais lus txawv teb chaws
Lexicology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Txhua yam yog qhia meej meej ntawm no. Tag nrho cov lus tau muab faib ua pab pawg, nyob ntawm lub hauv paus feature.
Cov lus Lavxias teb sab thiab qiv tau muab faib ua ob pawg raws li etymology, uas yog, keeb kwm.
Muaj cov phau ntawv txhais lus sib txawv uas haum rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Yog li, koj tuaj yeem hu rau phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws, uas muaj cov piv txwv txawv teb chaws uas tau tuaj rau peb nyob rau ntau pua xyoo. Ntau ntawm cov lus tam sim no pom los ntawm peb ua Lavxias. Phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia lub ntsiab lus thiab qhia tias lo lus tuaj qhov twg.
Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws hauv peb lub tebchaws muaj keeb kwm tag nrho. Thawj yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim, nws yog sau ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, phau ntawv txhais lus peb phau ntawv tau luam tawm, tus sau uas yog N. M. Yanovsky. Ntau phau ntawv txhais lus txawv teb chaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by V. V. Ivanova. Phau ntawv txhais lus nkag muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lo lus, muab kev txhais lus ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus, piv txwv ntawm kev siv, teeb cov kab lus nrog nws.
